450
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Understanding visitors' image of the oldest marine park in Africa

&
Pages 664-681 | Received 31 Jan 2012, Accepted 15 Oct 2012, Published online: 30 May 2013

References

  • Adams , W. , Aveling , R. , Brockington , D. , Dickson , B. , Elliot , J. , Hutton , J. , Roe , D. , Vira , B. and Wolmer , W. 2004 . Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty . Science , 306 : 1146 – 1149 . (doi:10.1126/science.1097920)
  • Ahmed , Z. U. 1991 . The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy . Tourism Management , 12 : 331 – 340 . (doi:10.1016/0261-5177(91)90045-U)
  • Ankomah , P. K. , Crompton , J. L. and Baker , D. 1996 . Influence of cognitive distance in vacation choice . Annals of Tourism Research , 1 : 138 – 150 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(95)00054-2)
  • Awaritefe , O. 2004 . Destination image differences between prospective and actual tourists in Nigeria . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 10 : 264 – 201 . (doi:10.1177/135676670401000306)
  • Balmford , A. , Beresford , J. , Green , J. , Naidoo , R. , Walpole , M. and Manica , A. 2009 . A global perspective on trends in nature-based tourism . PloS Biology , 7 : e1000144 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144
  • Baloglu , S. 1997 . The relationship between destination images and sociodemographic and trip characteristics of international travelers . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 3 : 221 – 233 .
  • Baloglu , S. and McCleary , K. W. 1999a . A model of destination image formation . Annals of Tourism Research , 26 : 808 – 889 . (doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4)
  • Baloglu , S. and McCleary , K. W. 1999b . US international pleasure travellers’ images of four Mediterranean destinations: A comparison . Journal of Travel Research , 38 : 44 – 152 . (doi:10.1177/004728759903800207)
  • Beerli , A. and Martín , J. D. 2004 . Factors influencing destination image . Annals of Tourism Research , 31 : 657 – 681 . (doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010)
  • Beh , A. W. and Bruyere , B. L. 2007 . Segmentation by visitor motivation in three Kenyan national reserves . Tourism Management , 28 : 1464 – 1471 . (doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.010)
  • Botha, C. (1996). Image as an element of strategic marketing within the tourism industry: The Sun City Case. (Unpublished thesis). Department Recreation and Tourism, North West University, Potchefstroom.
  • Buckley , R. 1994 . A framework for ecotourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 : 661 – 669 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)90126-0)
  • Buckley, R. (2002, May). A global triple-bottom-line evaluation for ecotourism. Paper presented at the World Ecotourism Summit, Quebec, Canada.
  • Chen , C. F. and Tsai , D. 2007 . How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioural intentions? . Tourism Management , 28 : 1115 – 1122 . (doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007)
  • Chen , P. J. and Kerstetter , D. L. 1999 . International students’ image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination . Journal of Travel Research , 37 : 256 – 266 . (doi:10.1177/004728759903700307)
  • Chon , K. 1990 . The role of destination image in tourism. A review and discussion . The Tourist Review , 45 : 2 – 9 . (doi:10.1108/eb058040)
  • Correia , A. , Oliveira , N. and Butler , R. 2008 . First-time and repeat visitors to Cape Verde: The overall image . Tourism Economics , 14 : 185 – 204 . (doi:10.5367/000000008783554848)
  • Crompton , J. 1979 . Motivations for pleasure vacation . Annals of Tourism Research , 6 : 408 – 424 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5)
  • Dann , G. 1996 . “ Tourist images of a destination: An alternative analysis ” . In Recent advances in tourism marketing research , Edited by: Fesenmaier , D. R. , O'Leary , J. T. and Uysal , M. 41 – 55 . New York , NY : The Haworth Press .
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 2000 . The political economy of tourism development in Africa , Edited by: Dieke , P. U. C. New York , NY : Cognizant Communication, Elmsford .
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 2008 . Tourism development in Africa: Challenges and opportunities . Tourism Review International , 12 : 167 – 315 .
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 2009 . Africa in the global tourism economy: Trend patterns, issues, and future perspectives . Harvard College Economics Review , 3 : 9 – 15 .
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 2011 . “ Aspects of tourism development ” . In Research themes for tourism , Edited by: Robinson , P. , Heitmann , S. and Dieke , P. U. C. 16 – 30 . London : CABI .
  • Echtner , C. M. and Ritchie , J. R. B. 1991 . The meaning and measurement of destination image . The Journal of Tourism Studies , 2 : 2 – 12 .
  • Echtner , C. M. and Ritchie , J. R. B. 1993 . The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment . Journal of Travel Research , 31 : 3 – 13 . (doi:10.1177/004728759303100402)
  • Fakeye , P. and Crompton , J. 1991 . Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the lower Rio Grande valley . Journal of Travel Research , 30 : 10 – 16 . (doi:10.1177/004728759103000202)
  • Gallarza , M. , Saura , I. and Garcia , H. 2002 . Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 : 56 – 78 . (doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00031-7)
  • Gartner , W. C. 1989 . Tourism image: Attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques . Journal of Travel Research , 28 : 16 – 20 . (doi:10.1177/004728758902800205)
  • Gartner , W. C. 1993 . Image formation process . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 2 : 191 – 215 . (doi:10.1300/J073v02n02_12)
  • Hu , Y. and Ritchie , J. R. 1993 . Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach . Journal of Travel Research , 32 : 25 – 34 . (doi:10.1177/004728759303200204)
  • Hui , T. K. and Wan , T. W. D. 2003 . Singapore's image as a tourist destination . International Journal of Tourism Research , 5 : 305 – 313 . (doi:10.1002/jtr.437)
  • Husbands , W. 1989 . Social status and perception of tourism in Zambia . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 : 237 – 253 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(89)90070-4)
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature. (1998). Economic values of protected areas – guidelines for protected area managers. No. 2. Task Force on Economic Benefits of Protected Areas of the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) of IUCN, in collaboration with the Economics Service Unit of IUCN. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
  • Joppe , M. , Martin , D. W. and Waalen , J. 2001 . Toronto's image as a destination: A comparative importance-satisfaction. Analysis by origin of visitor . Journal of Travel Research , 39 : 252 – 260 . (doi:10.1177/004728750103900302)
  • Keaveney , S. M. and Hunt , K. A. 1992 . Conceptualization and operationalization of retail store image: A case of rival middle-level theories . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 15 : 165 – 176 . (doi:10.1007/BF02723456)
  • Kim , D. and Perdue , R. R. 2011 . The influence of image on destination attractiveness . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 28 : 225 – 239 . (doi:10.1080/10548408.2011.562850)
  • Kotler , P. 1988 . Marketing management and strategy: A reader , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Kotler , P. , Bowen , J. and Makens , J. 1996 . Marketing for hospitality and tourism , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Kotler , P. , Roberto , E. L. and Lee , N. 2002 . Social marketing: Strategies for changing public behaviour , 2 , New York , NY : Free Press .
  • Kruger , M. , Saayman , M. and Saayman , A. 2010 . Expenditure-based segmentation of visitors to Tsitsikamma National Park . Acta Commercii , 10 : 137 – 149 .
  • Leisen , B. 2001 . Image segmentation: The case of a tourism destination . The Journal of Services Marketing , 15 : 49 – 54 . (doi:10.1108/08876040110381517)
  • Lin , C. H. , Morais , D. B. , Kerstetter , D. L. and Hou , J. S. 2007 . Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations . Journal of Travel Research , 46 : 183 – 194 . (doi:10.1177/0047287506304049)
  • Mabunda , D. M. and Wilson , D. 2009 . “ Commercialization of national parks: South Africa's Kruger National Park as an example ” . In Sustainable tourism in Southern Africa , Edited by: Saarinen , J. , Becker , F. , Manwa , H. and Wilson , D. 116 – 133 . London : Routledge .
  • MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation, Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 537–565.
  • Marques , C. , Reis , E. and Menezes , J. 2010 . Profiling the segments of visitors in Portuguese protected areas . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 18 : 971 – 996 . (doi:10.1080/09669582.2010.497222)
  • Mazursky , D. 1989 . Past experience and future tourism decisions . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 : 333 – 344 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(89)90048-0)
  • Mill, R. C., & Morrison, A. M. (1992). The tourism system (2nd ed.). Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Milman , A. and Pizam , A. 1995 . The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: The central Florida case . Journal of Travel Research , 33 : 21 – 27 . (doi:10.1177/004728759503300304)
  • Moutinho , L. 1984 . Vacation tourist decision process . The Quarterly Review of Marketing , 9 : 8 – 17 .
  • Myburgh , E. and Saayman , M. 1999 . Ecotourism in action: Practical guidelines and principles , 1 , Potchefstroom : Leisure Consultants and Publications .
  • Pearce , P. L. 1982 . Perceived changes in holiday destinations . Annals of Tourism Research , 9 : 145 – 164 . (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(82)90044-5)
  • Petrick , J. F. , Morais , D. D. and Norman , W. C. 2001 . An examination of the determinants of entertainment vacationers’ intentions to revisit . Journal of Travel Research , 40 : 41 – 48 . (doi:10.1177/004728750104000106)
  • Pike , S. 2002 . Destination image analysis: A review of 142 papers from 1973–2000 . Tourism Management , 23 : 541 – 549 . (doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00005-5)
  • Pike , S. and Ryan , C. 2004 . Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions . Journal of Travel Research , 42 : 333 – 342 . (doi:10.1177/0047287504263029)
  • Russell , J. A. and Pratt , G. 1980 . A description of affective quality attributed to environment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 311 – 322 . (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.311)
  • Russell , J. A. , Ward , L. M. and Pratt , G. 1981 . Affective quality attributed to environments: A factor analytic study . Environment and Behavior , 13 : 259 – 288 . (doi:10.1177/0013916581133001)
  • Saayman , M. 2009 . “ Community tourism ” . In Ecotourism – getting back to basics , Edited by: Saayman , M. 67 – 96 . Potchefstroom : Leisure Publications .
  • Saayman , M. , Kruger , M. and Fouche , M. 2009 . Executive summary of research profiles of selected national parks in South Africa , Potchefstroom : Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies .
  • Saayman , M. , Seymour , K. and Scholtz , M. 2011 . A marketing analysis of overnight visitors to Tsitsikamma National Parks , Potchefstroom : Tourism Research in Economic Environs & Society .
  • Saayman , M. and Van der Merwe , P. 2009 . “ Environmental economics ” . In Ecotourism – getting back to basics , Edited by: Saayman , M. 191 – 218 . Potchefstroom : Leisure Publications .
  • San Martín , H. and Rodríguez del Bosque , I. A. 2008 . Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation . Tourism Management , 29 : 263 – 277 . (doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.012)
  • Schreyer , R. , Lime , D. V. and Williams , D. R. 1984 . Characterizing the influence of past experience on recreation behavior . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 34 – 50 .
  • Sirgy , M. J. and Su , C. 2000 . Destination image, self-congruity, and travel behaviour: Toward an integrative model . Journal of Travel Research , 38 : 340 – 352 . (doi:10.1177/004728750003800402)
  • Sonmez , S. F. and Sirakaya , E. 2002 . A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey . Journal of Travel Research , 41 : 185 – 196 . (doi:10.1177/004728702237418)
  • Stern , E. and Krakover , S. 1993 . The formation of a composite urban image . Geographical Analysis , 25 : 130 – 146 . (doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1993.tb00285.x)
  • Tallis , H. , Kareiva , P. , Marvier , M. and Chang , A. 2008 . An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 105 : 9457 – 9464 . (doi:10.1073/pnas.0705797105)
  • Tasci , A. D. A. and Gartner , W. 2007 . Destination image and its functional relationships . Journal of Travel Research , 45 : 413 – 425 . (doi:10.1177/0047287507299569)
  • Tasci , D. A. , Gartner , W. C. and Cavusgil , S. T. 2007 . Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image . Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research , 31 : 194 – 223 . (doi:10.1177/1096348006297290)
  • Uysal , M. , McDonald , C. B. and Martin , B. S. 1994 . Australian visitors to US national parks and national area . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 6 : 18 – 24 . (doi:10.1108/09596119410059209)
  • Wade , D. J. and Eagles , P. 2003 . The use of importance-performance analysis and market segmentation for tourism management in parks and protected areas: An application to Tanzania's National Parks . Journal of Ecotourism , 2 : 196 – 212 . (doi:10.1080/14724040308668144)
  • Walmsley , D. J. and Jenkins , J. M. 1993 . Appraisive images of tourist areas: Application of personal construct . Australian Geographer , 24 : 1 – 13 . (doi:10.1080/00049189308703083)
  • Weaver , D. 1998 . Ecotourism in the less developed world , Wallingford : CABI .
  • World Tourism Organization . 2002 . Sustainable development of ecotourism: A compilation of good practices , Madrid : WTO .
  • Wunder , S. 2001 . Poverty alleviation and tropical forests: What scope for synergies? . World Development , 29 : 1817 – 1833 . (doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00070-5)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.