Communities' displacement from national park and tourism development in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania

References

• Arskey , H. and Knight , P. 1999 . Interviewing in social scientist: An introductory resources with examples , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen , T. A. , Holden , S. , Lund , C. and Sjaastad , E. 2008 . Formalisation of land rights: Some empirical evidence from Mali, Niger and South Africa . Land Use Policy , 26 : 28 – 35 . (doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.07.003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biseko Lwoga , N. 2011 . Tourism: Meaning, practices and history , Dar es Salaam : Dar es Salaam University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Booth, V. R. (2010). The contribution of hunting tourism: How significant is this to national economies? Contribution of Wildlife to National Economies. Budapest: Joint publication of FAO and CIC.
   Google Scholar
• Brandon , K. , Redford , K. H. and Sanderson , S. E. 1998 . Parks in peril: People, politics and protected areas , Edited by: Brandon , K. , Redford , K. H. and Sanderson , S. E. Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. 2002 . Fortress conservation: The preservation of the Mkomazi game reserve, Tanzania , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. 2004 . Community conservation, inequality and injustice: Myths of power in protected area management . Conservation and Society , 2 ( 2 ) : 411 – 432 .
   Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. and Igoe , J. 2006 . Eviction for conservation: A global overview . Conservation and Society , 4 : 424 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. , Igoe , J. and Schmidt-Soltau , K. 2006 . Conservation, human rights, and poverty reduction . Conservation Biology , 20 ( 1 ) : 250 – 252 . (doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00335.x)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , R. C. 2010 . Conservation tourism , London : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Buscher , B. and Dietz , T. 2005 . Conjuction of governance: The state and the conservation-development nexus in Southern Africa . The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies , 4 ( 2 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Cernea , M. M. 2006 . Population displacement inside protected areas: A redefinition of concepts in conservation policies . Policy Matters , 14 : 8 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Chape , S. , Harrison , J. , Spalding , M. and Lysenko , I. 2005 . Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator of meeting global biodiversity targets . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences , 360 : 443 – 455 . (doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1592)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnley , S. 1997 . Pastoralism and property rights: The evolution of communal property on the Usangu Plains, Tanzania . African Economic History , 25 : 97 – 119 . (doi:10.2307/3601881)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deihl , C. 1985 . Wildlife and the Maasai . Cultural Survival Quartely , 9 ( 1 ) : 37 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Dwivedi , R. 1996 . Parks, people and protest: Some observations on the mediating role of environmental action groups in grassroots resource conflicts , The Hague : Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University .
   Google Scholar
• Ghimire , K. B. 1994 . Parks and people: Livelihood issues in national parks management in Thailand and Madagascar . Development and Change , 25 : 195 – 229 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00514.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , A. 2008 . Environment and tourism , 2 , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Honey , M. 2008 . Ecotourism and sustainable development , 2 , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hulme , D. and Murphree . 2001 . African wildlife and livelihoods: The promise and perfomance of community conservation , Edited by: Hulme , D. and Murphree . Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Hutton , J. , Adams , W. M. and Murombedzi , J. C. 2005 . Back to the barriers? Changing narratives in biodiversity conservation . Forum for Development Studies , 32 ( 2 ) : 341 – 370 . (doi:10.1080/08039410.2005.9666319)
   Google Scholar
• IUCN . 1994 . United Nations list of national parks and protected areas , Gland : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , S. 2006 . A political ecology of wildlife conservation in Africa . Review of African Political Economy , 33 ( 109 ) : 483 – 495 . (doi:10.1080/03056240601000911)
   Google Scholar
• Kabra , A. 2009 . Conservation-induced displacement: A comparative study of two Indian protected areas . Conservation and Society , 7 ( 4 ) : 249 – 267 . (doi:10.4103/0972-4923.65172)
   Google Scholar
• Kamuaro, O. (1996). Ecotourism: Suicide of development? (No. 6). Geneva: United Nations News Service.
   Google Scholar
• Kepe , T. 2009 . Shaped by race: Why ‘race’ still matters in the challenges facing biodiversity conservation in Africa . Local Environment , 14 ( 9 ) : 871 – 878 . (doi:10.1080/13549830903164185)
   Google Scholar
• Kikula , I. S. , Charnley , S. and Yanda , P. Z. 1996 . Ecological changes in the Usangu Plains and their implications on the down stream flow of the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania , Dar es Salaam : Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , R. , Van Schaik , C. and Johnson , J. 1997 . The last stand: Protected areas and the defense of tropical biodiversity , Edited by: Kramer , R. , Van Schaik , C. and Johnson , J. New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krueger , L. 2009 . Protected areas and human displacement: Improving the interface policy and practice . Conservation and Society , 7 ( 1 ) : 21 – 25 . (doi:10.4103/0972-4923.54793)
   Google Scholar
• Mbarali District Council . 2009 . Mbarali District investment profile , Mbarali : Mbarali District .
   Google Scholar
• Mbarali District Council . 2010 . Mbarali District investment profile , Mbarali : Mbarali District .
   Google Scholar
• Mkanda , F. X. and Munthali , S. M. 1994 . Public attitudes and needs around Kasungu National Park, Malawi . Biodiversity and Conservation , 3 ( 1 ) : 29 – 44 . (doi:10.1007/BF00115331)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowforth , M. and Munt , I. 2007 . Tourism sustainability: Development and new tourism in the Third World , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Mtahiko , M. G. G. , Gereta , E. , Kajuni , A. R. , Chiombola , E. A. T. , Ng'umbi , G. Z. , Coppolillo , P. and Wolanski , E. 2006 . Towards an ecohydrology-based restoration of the Usangu wetlands and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania . Wetlands Ecology and Management , 14 ( 6 ) : 489 – 503 . (doi:10.1007/s11273-006-9002-x)
   Google Scholar
• Naughton-Treves , L. , Holland , M. B. and Brandon , K. 2005 . The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining livelihoods . Annual Review of Anthropology , 30 : 219 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, R. P. (1990). Competing commons: Local response to the criminalization of customary use of resources in Arusha National Park in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Designing Sustainability on the Commons, Duke University, Durham, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Novelli , M. and Scarth , A. 2007 . Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi) . Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development , 4 ( 1 ) : 47 – 73 . (doi:10.1080/14790530701289697)
   Google Scholar
• Oates , J. F. 1999 . Myth and reality in the rain forest: How conservation straegies are failing in West Africa , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robbins , P. 2004 . Political ecology: A critical introduction , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. 2004 . Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development . Ecological Economics , 48 ( 4 ) : 369 – 384 . (doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.10.017)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salafsky , N. and Wollenberg , E. 2000 . Linking livelihoods and conservation: A conceptual framework and scale for assessing the integration of human needs and biodiversity . World Development , 28 ( 8 ) : 1421 – 1438 . (doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00031-0)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar , N. 2012 . Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities . Journal of Sustanable Tourism , 20 ( 1 ) : 9 – 22 . (doi:10.1080/09669582.2011.596279)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley , R. 2009 . Tourism development and the environment: Beyond sustainablity? , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Simelane , T. S. , Kerley , G. I. H. and Knight , M. H. 2006 . Reflections on the relationships between communities and conservation areas of South Africa: The case of five South African national parks . Koedoe , 49 ( 2 ) : 85 – 102 . (doi:10.4102/koedoe.v49i2.121)
   Google Scholar
• Slocum , S. L. and Backman , K. F. 2011 . Understanding government capacity in tourism development as a poverty alleviation: A case study of Tanzania policy makers . Tourism Planning & Development , 8 ( 3 ) : 281 – 296 . (doi:10.1080/21568316.2011.591157)
   Google Scholar
• SMUWC. (1999). Land and water interactions wihtin the Usangu Catchment. Paper presented at the Managing water resources in the Usangu catchment, NBC Hall, Mbeya.
   Google Scholar
• SMUWC. (2001). Final report – water resources (Vol. 3). Dar es Salaam: Directorate of Water Resources, Ministry of Water, Government of Tanzania.
   Google Scholar
• Songorwa , A. N. 1999 . Community-based wildlfie management (CWM) in Tanzania: Are the communities interested? . World Development , 27 ( 12 ) : 2061 – 2079 . (doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00103-5)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulle , E. and Nelson , F. 2009 . Biofules, land access and rural livelihoods in Tanzania , London : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• TANAPA. (2008). Ruaha National Parks. Retrieved July 23, 2011, from www.tanzaniparks.com
   Google Scholar
• Terborgh , J. 1999 . Requim for nature , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tulahi, R. C., & Hingi, P. M. (2006). Agrarian reform and rural development in Tanzania. Paper presented at the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania . 1959 . The National Park Ordinace Cap 412 , Dar es Salaam : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania . 1999 . The land act , Dar es Salaam : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Vogt , P. , Ritters , K. H. , Iwanowski , M. , Estreguil , C. , Kozak , J. and Soille , P. 2007 . Mapping landscape corridors . Ecological Indicators , 7 : 481 – 488 . (doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.11.001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, M. (2006). Conservation myths, political realities and the proliferation of protected areas. African Environments Lecture. Oxford University Centre for the Environment (OUCE). Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , M. 2008 . Pastoralism and policy processes in Tanzania: Mbarali case study , Arusha : TNRF .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , M. 2012 . The not-so-great Ruaha and hidden histories of an environmental panic in Tanzania . Journal of Eastern African Studies , 6 ( 2 ) : 303 – 335 . (doi:10.1080/17531055.2012.669575)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. 2001 . Ecotourism , London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• West , P. , Igoe , J. and Brockington , D. 2006 . Parks and people: The social impact of protected areas . Annual Review of Anthropology , 35 : 251 – 277 . (doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123308)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeppel , H. 2006 . Indigenous ecotourism sustainable tourism development and management , Wallingford : CABI .
   Google Scholar