458
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Ambiguities and difficulties in partnership relations: the case of ‘fair tourism’ in Western Africa

&
Pages 753-772 | Received 30 Apr 2012, Accepted 25 Oct 2012, Published online: 29 May 2013

References

  • Adler , P. A. and Adler , P. 1987 . Membership roles in field research , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
  • Agrawal , A. and Gibson , C. C. 1999 . Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation . World Development , 27 ( 4 ) : 629 – 649 . doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00161-2 (doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00161-2)
  • Ashley , C. and Jones , B. 2001 . Joint ventures between communities and tourism investors: Experience in southern Africa . International Journal of Tourism Research , 3 ( 5 ) : 407 – 423 . doi:10.1002/jtr.347 (doi:10.1002/jtr.347)
  • Bah , A. and Goodwin , H. 2003 . Improving access for the informal sector to tourism in The Gambia (PPT Working Paper No. 15) , 39 Londres : Pro-Poor Tourism Partnership .
  • Bako-Arifari , N. and Meur , P.-Y. L. 2001 . “ Une anthropologie sociale des dispositifs du développement ” . In L’évaluation des politiques de développement. Approches pluri-disciplinaires , Edited by: Baré , J.-F. 121 – 173 . Paris : L'Harmattan .
  • Belsky , J. M. 1999 . Misrepresenting communities: The politics of community-based rural ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize1 . Rural Sociology , 64 ( 4 ) : 641 – 666 . doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00382.x (doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00382.x)
  • Bierschenk , T. and Olivier de Sardan , J.-P. 1997 . ECRIS: Rapid collective inquiry for the identification of conflicts and strategic groups . Human Organisation , 56 ( 2 ) : 238 – 244 .
  • Biggs , T. and Shah , M. 2003 . “ The problem of African entrepreneurial development ” . In Pathways out of poverty: Private firms and economic mobility in developing countries , Edited by: Fields , G. S. and Pfeffermann , G.-P. 155 – 189 . Boston , MA : Kluwer Academic .
  • Blackstock , K. 2005 . A critical look at community based tourism . Community Development Journal , 40 ( 1 ) : 39 – 49 . doi:10.1093/cdj/bsi005 (doi:10.1093/cdj/bsi005)
  • Blanc-Pamard , C. and Fauroux , E. 2004 . L'illusion participative. Exemples ouest-malgaches . Autrepart , 31 : 3 – 19 . (doi:10.3917/autr.031.0003)
  • Bogdan , R. and Taylor , S. J. 1975 . Introduction to qualitative research methods: A phenomenological approach to the social sciences , New York : Wiley .
  • Boluk , K. 2011a . Fair trade tourism South Africa: A pragmatic poverty reduction mechanism? . Tourism Planning & Development , 8 ( 3 ) : 237 – 251 . doi:10.1080/21568316.2011.591152 (doi:10.1080/21568316.2011.591152)
  • Boluk , K. 2011b . Revealing the discourses: White entrepreneurial motivation in black South Africa . Tourism Planning & Development , 8 ( 2 ) : 199 – 213 . doi:10.1080/21568316.2011.573922 (doi:10.1080/21568316.2011.573922)
  • Brehm , V. M. 2004 . Autonomy or dependence? North–South NGO partnerships . INTRAC Briefing Paper , 6 : 6
  • Brinkerhoff , J. M. 2002a . Assessing and improving partnership relationships and outcomes: A proposed framework . Evaluation and Program Planning , 25 ( 3 ) : 215 – 231 . (doi:10.1016/S0149-7189(02)00017-4)
  • Brinkerhoff , J. M. 2002b . Partnerships for international development: Rhetoric or reality , Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner .
  • Budowski , G. 1976 . Tourism and environmental conservation: Conflict, coexistence or symbiosis? . Environmental Conservation , 3 ( 1 ) : 27 – 31 . (doi:10.1017/S0376892900017707)
  • Carlisle , S. , Kunc , M. , Jones , E. and Tiffin , S. 2012 . Supporting innovation for tourism development through multi-stakeholder approaches: Experiences from Africa . Tourism Management , 35 ( 2013 ) : 59 – 69 . doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.010
  • Cleverdon , R. and Kalisch , A. 2000 . Fair trade in tourism . International Journal of Tourism Research , 2 : 171 – 187 . (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-1970(200005/06)2:3<171::AID-JTR194>3.0.CO;2-K)
  • Cornwall , A. and Gaventa , J. 2007 . “ Power and knowledge ” . In The Sage handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice , Edited by: Bradbury , H. and Reason , P. 172 – 189 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Cravatte , C. 2006 . La construction de la légitimité du tourisme solidaire, à la croisée de différents registres mobilisant le lien avec la ‘population locale’ . Autrepart , 40 : 31 – 44 . (doi:10.3917/autr.040.0031)
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 1992 . Tourism development policies in Kenya . Annals of Tourism Research , 19 ( 3 ) : 558 – 561 . doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90137-e (doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90137-E)
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 2001 . “ Human resources in tourism development: African perspectives ” . In Tourism and the less developed world: Issues and case studies , Edited by: Harrison , D. 61 – 75 . Oxford : CABI .
  • Dieke , P. U. C. 2011 . “ Aspects of tourism development ” . In Research themes for tourism , Edited by: Robinson , P. , Heitmann , S. and Dieke , P. U. C. 16 – 30 . Oxford : CABI .
  • Evans , G. and Cleverdon , R. 2000 . “ Fair trade in tourism – community development or marketing tool? ” . In Tourism and sustainable community development , Edited by: Hall , D. and Richards , G. Vol. 7 , 137 – 153 . Londres : Routledge .
  • Evers, H. D., & Gerke, S. (2009). Strategic group analysis (ZEF Working Paper Series No. 34), 11. Bonn, Germany: University of Bonn.
  • Fennell , D. A. and Butler , R. W. 2003 . A human ecological approach to tourism interactions . The International Journal of Tourism Research , 5 ( 3 ) : 197 – 210 . (doi:10.1002/jtr.428)
  • Font , X. , Tapper , R. , Schwartz , K. and Kornilaki , M. 2008 . Sustainable supply chain management in tourism . Business Strategy and the Environment , 17 ( 4 ) : 260 – 271 . doi:10.1002/bse.527 (doi:10.1002/bse.527)
  • Forstner , K. 2004 . Community ventures and access to markets: The role of intermediaries in marketing rural tourism products . Development Policy Review , 22 ( 5 ) : 497 – 514 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2004.00262.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2004.00262.x)
  • Girard , A. and Schéou , B. 2012 . Le tourisme solidaire communautaire à l’épreuve des illusions culturaliste et participative, l'exemple d'une expérience au Bénin . Monde en Développement , 40 ( 157 ) : 67 – 80 . (doi:10.3917/med.157.0067)
  • Goodwin , H. and Roe , D. 2001 . Tourism, livelihoods and protected areas: Opportunities for fair-trade tourism in and around National Parks . International Journal of Tourism Research , 3 ( 5 ) : 377 – 391 . doi:10.1002/jtr.350 (doi:10.1002/jtr.350)
  • Hill , T. , Nel , E. and Trotter , D. 2006 . Small-scale, nature-based tourism as a pro-poor development intervention: Two examples in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa . Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography , 27 ( 2 ) : 163 – 175 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00251.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00251.x)
  • Kalisch , A. 2000 . Bulletin 1 – fair trade in tourism , London : Tourism Concern .
  • Kalisch , A. 2001 . Tourism as fair trade, NGO perspectives , Londres : Tourism Concern .
  • Klemm , M. and Parkinson , L. 2001 . UK tour operator strategies: Causes and consequences . International Journal of Tourism Research , 3 ( 5 ) : 367 – 375 . doi:10.1002/jtr.351 (doi:10.1002/jtr.351)
  • Lea , J. 1988 . Tourism and development in the third world , London : Routledge .
  • Lussier , K. and Lavoie , C. 2012 . Entre la calebasse et le panier: La conduite d'entretiens semi-dirigés en contextes Africains . Recherches Qualitatives , 31 ( 1 ) : 62 – 88 .
  • Mahony , K. 2007 . Certification in the South African tourism industry: The case of Fair Trade in Tourism . Development Southern Africa , 24 ( 3 ) : 393 – 408 . doi:10.1080/03768350701445426 (doi:10.1080/03768350701445426)
  • March , R. and Wilkinson , I. 2009 . Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnerships . Tourisme Management , 30 ( 3 ) : 455 – 462 . (doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.09.001)
  • Matthey, L. (2005). Éthique, politique et esthétique du terrain: cinq figures de l'entretien compréhensif [The ethics, politics and aesthetics of field work: Five forms of comprehensive interviewing]. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography [Epistémologie, Histoire de la Géographie, Didactique]. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from http://cybergeo.revues.org/3426. doi:10.4000/cybergeo.3426
  • Mdee , A. and Emmott , R. 2008 . Social enterprise with international impact: The case for Fair Trade certification of volunteer tourism . Education, Knowledge and Economy , 2 ( 3 ) : 191 – 201 . doi:10.1080/17496890802426188 (doi:10.1080/17496890802426188)
  • Mvula , C. D. 2001 . Fair trade in tourism to protected areas – a micro case study of wildlife tourism to South Luangwa National Park, Zambia . International Journal of Tourism Research , 3 ( 5 ) : 393 – 405 . doi:10.1002/jtr.349 (doi:10.1002/jtr.349)
  • Novelli , M. and Gebhardt , K. 2007 . Community based tourism in Namibia: ‘Reality Show’ or ‘Window Dressing’? . Current Issues in Tourism , 10 ( 5 ) : 443 – 479 . doi:10.2167/cit332.0 (doi:10.2167/cit332.0)
  • Olivier de Sardan , J.-P. 1995 . Anthropologie et Développement: Essai en socio-anthropologie du changement social , Paris : Karthala .
  • Olivier de Sardan , J.-P. 2000 . “ Rendre compte du point de vue des acteurs: principes méthodologiques de l'enquête de terrain en sciences sociales ” . In Les enquêtes participatives en débat: ambition, pratique et enjeux , Edited by: Delville , P. L. , Selamna , N.-E. and Mathieu , M. 419 – 449 . Paris : Karthala .
  • Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. (2003). L'enquête socio-anthropologique de terrain: synthèse méthodologique et recommandations à usage des étudiants (p. 58). Laboratoire d’études et recherches sur les dynamiques sociales et le développement local.
  • Olivier de Sardan , J.-P. 2005 . Anthropology and development: Understanding contemporary social change , London : Zed Books .
  • Rogerson , C. M. and Visser , G. 2011 . African tourism geographies: Existing paths and new directions . Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie , 102 ( 3 ) : 251 – 259 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00661.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00661.x)
  • Schéou , B. 2009 . Du tourisme durable au tourisme équitable: quelle éthique pour le tourisme de demain? , Bruxelles : De Boeck .
  • Seif , J. 2002 . Facilitating market access for South Africa's disadvantaged communities and population groups through ‘Fair Trade in Tourism’ , 5 Johannesbourg : IUCN – South Africa .
  • Seif , J. and Spenceley , A. 2007 . “ Assuring community benefit in South Africa through ‘Fair Trade in Tourism’ certification ” . In Quality assurance and certification in ecotourism , Edited by: Black , R. and Crabtree , A. Vol. 5 , 241 – 265 . Londres : CABI .
  • Sharpley , R. and Telfer , D. J. 2008 . Tourism and development in the developing world , Clevedon : Channel View Publications .
  • Skelton , T. 2001 . “ Cross-cultural research: Issues of power, positionality and race ” . In Qualitative methodologies for geographers: Issues and debates , Edited by: Limb , M. and Dwyer , C. 87 – 100 . London : Hodder Arnold .
  • Tapper , R. 2001 . Tourism and socio-economic development: UK tour operators’ business approaches in the context of the new international agenda . International Journal of Tourism Research , 3 ( 5 ) : 351 – 366 . doi:10.1002/jtr.348 (doi:10.1002/jtr.348)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.