The moderating effect of nationality on crowding perception, its antecedents, and coping behaviours: A study of an urban heritage site in Taiwan

References

• Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, D. H., & Brown, P. J. (1984). The displacement process in recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(1), 61–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnberger, A., & Brandenburg, C. (2007). Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions, and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park. Environmental Management, 40(1), 34–45. doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0355-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnberger, A., Aikoh, T., Eder, R., Shoji, Y., & Mieno, T. (2010). How many people should be in the urban forest? A comparison of trail preferences of Vienna and Sapporo forest visitor segments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(3), 215–225. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2010.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke, J., & Chiesa, T. (2012). The travel & Tourism competitiveness report 2011. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg News. (2014). Chinese Say No as MH370 to Thai Coup Deter Trips: Southeast Asia. Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-02/chinese-say-no-as-mh370-to-thai-coup-deter-trips-southeast-asia.html
   Google Scholar
• Cang, S., Sun, Y.-Y., & Li, S. (2015). Impact of Taiwan open policy on Chinese tourist satisfaction. Current Issues in Tourism. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.964190
   Google Scholar
• Chang, J. C. (2007). Tourists’ satisfaction judgments: An investigation of emotion, equity, and attribution. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 32(1), 108–134. doi: 10.1177/1096348007309571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-C., Lin, Y.-H., & Petrick, J. F. (2012). Social biases of destination perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(2), 240–252. doi: 10.1177/0047287512459106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China National Tourism Administration. (2013). Tourism statistics. Retrieved December 30, 2013, from http://www.cnta.gov.cn/html/zh/index.html
   Google Scholar
• China Daily. (2014). Is Southeast Asia losing its lustre for Chinese tourists? China Daily. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Is-Southeast-Asia-losing-its-lustre-for-Chinese-to-30245262.html
   Google Scholar
• Doorne, S. (2000). Caves, cultures and crowds: Carrying capacity meets consumer sovereignty. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(2), 116–130. doi: 10.1080/09669580008667352
   Google Scholar
• Eroglu, S., & Harrell, G. D. (1986). Retail crowding: Theoretical and strategic implications. Journal of Retailing, 62(4), 346–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Standford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, V., Hanges, P. J., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Cultural clusters: Methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 11–15. doi: 10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00070-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, W.-J., Chen, C.-C., & Lin, Y.-H. (2013). Cultural proximity and intention to visit: Destination image of Taiwan as perceived by Mainland Chinese visitors. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(3), 176–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, K. F., & Lawson, R. (2003). The nature of independent travel. Journal of Travel Research, 42(1), 13–23. doi: 10.1177/0047287503253944
   Google Scholar
• Jacob, G. R., & Schreyer, R. (1980). Conflict in outdoor recreation: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(4), 368–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Q., & Pearce, P. L. (2011a). Actual use levels and perceived crowding in the peak season at tourist sites in Xi'an. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7(3), 263–281. doi: 10.1080/19388160.2011.599241
   Google Scholar
• Jin, Q., & Pearce, P. L. (2011b). Tourist perception of crowding and management approaches at tourism sites in Xi'an. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 325–338. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.572667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya, N., & Weber, M. J. (2003). Cross-cultural differences in the perception of crowding and privacy regulation: American and Turkish students. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 301–309. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00087-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearsley, G., & Coughlan, D. (1999). Coping with crowding: Tourist displacement in the New Zealand backcountry. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(2–3), 197–210. doi: 10.1080/13683509908667851
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., & McKercher, B. (2011). The collective effect of national culture and tourist culture on tourist behavior. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(2), 145–164.
   Google Scholar
• Leujak, W., & Ormond, R. F. (2007). Visitor perceptions and the shifting social carrying capacity of South Sinai's coral reefs. Environmental Management, 39(4), 472–489. doi: 10.1007/s00267-006-0040-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loi, K. I., & Pearce, P. L. (2015). Exploring perceived tensions arising from tourist behaviors in a Chinese context. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(1–2), 65–79. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.986013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, R. (1999). Crowding and carrying capacity in outdoor recreation: From normative standards to standards of quality. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century (pp. 323–334). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, R. (2010). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, R., & Ciali, C. P. (1980). Recreation density and user satisfaction: A further exploration of the satisfaction model. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(4), 329–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuts, B., & Nijkamp, P. (2012). Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities: An applied modelling study on Bruges. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2133–2153. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, J. Y. J., & Schuett, M. A. (2010). Exploring expenditure-based segmentation for rural tourism: Overnight stay visitors versus excursionists to fee-fishing sites. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(1), 31–50. doi: 10.1080/10548400903534824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olafsdottir, R., & Runnstrom, M. C. (2011). How wild is Iceland? Wilderness quality with respect to nature-based Tourism. Tourism Geographies, 13(2), 280–298. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2010.531043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1991). Understanding customer expectations of service. Sloan Management Review, 32(3), 39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Popp, M. (2012). Positive and negative urban tourist crowding: Florence, Italy. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 50–72. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.597421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowen, I. (2014). Tourism as a territorial strategy: The case of China and Taiwan. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 62–74. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayan, S., & Karagüzel, O. (2010). Problems of outdoor recreation: The effect of visitors’ demographics on the perceptions of Termessos national Park, Turkey. Environmental Management, 45(6), 1257–1270. doi: 10.1007/s00267-010-9500-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayan, S., Krymkowski, D. H., Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A., & Rovelstad, E. L. (2013). Cultural influence on crowding norms in outdoor recreation: A comparative analysis of visitors to national Parks in Turkey and the United States. Environmental Management, 52(2), 493–502. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0076-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby, B., Bregenzer, N. S., & Johnson, R. (1988). Displacement and product shift: Empirical evidence from Oregon rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(4), 274–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Heberlein, T. A. (1989). Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences, 11(4), 269–291. doi: 10.1080/01490408909512227
   Google Scholar
• Su, Y.-W., Lin, H.-L., & Liu, L.-M. (2012). Chinese tourists in Taiwan: Crowding out effects, opening policy and its implications. Tourism Management Perspectives, 4, 45–55. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.04.003
   Google Scholar
• Taiwan Tourism Bureau. (2013a). 2012 Annual survey report on visitors expenditure and Trends in Taiwan. Taipei: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Taiwan Tourism Bureau. (2013b). Visitors to the principal scenic spots in Taiwan. Retrieved January 2, 2014, from http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/upload/statistic/20141023/132f0ec3-4053-44fd-9f3a-67d15745c033.xls
   Google Scholar
• Taiwan Tourism Bureau. (2014). Yearly statistics. Retrieved February 8, 2014, from http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/year_en.aspx?no=15
   Google Scholar
• The World Values Survey Association. (2014). World values survey. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
   Google Scholar
• Truong, T.-H., & Foster, D. (2006). Using HOLSAT to evaluate tourist satisfaction at destinations: The case of Australian holidaymakers in Vietnam. Tourism Management, 27(5), 842–855. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, T.-F., Chuang, S.-T., & Sun, Y.-Y. (2013). Recreation resources at the Shoushan national nature park. Kaohsiung: Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of Interior.
   Google Scholar
• Vaske, J. J., & Shelby, L. B. (2008). Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 years of research. Leisure Sciences, 30(2), 111–126. doi: 10.1080/01490400701881341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K.-C., Hsieh, A.-T., Chou, S.-H., & Lin, Y.-S. (2007). GPTCCC: An instrument for measuring group package tour service. Tourism Management, 28(2), 361–376. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., & Lawton, L. (2006). Tourism Management (3rd ed.). Milton Old: Wiley, John & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Cities Federation. (2014). Market research report on Chinese outbound Tourist (City) consumption. Beijing: Author.
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization. (2013). UNWTO tourism highlights, 2013 Edition. Madrid: Author.
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization. (2014). UNWTO tourism highlights, 2014 Edition. Madrid: Author.
   Google Scholar