1,295
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Local residents’ pride, tourists’ playground: the misrepresentation and exclusion of local residents in tourism

&
Pages 1426-1442 | Received 14 Aug 2018, Accepted 02 May 2019, Published online: 11 May 2019

References

  • Amoamo, M. (2011). Tourism and hybridity: Re-visiting Bhabha’s third space. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1254–1273.
  • Angelkova, T., Koteski, C., Jakovlev, Z., & Mitrevska, E. (2012). Sustainability and competitiveness of tourism. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 221–227.
  • Auerbach, C., & Silverstein, L. (2003). Qualitative Data: An Introduction to Coding and Analysis. New York: New York University Press.
  • Bandyopadhyay, R., & Morais, D. (2005). Representative dissonance India’s self and Western image. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1006–1021.
  • Baxter, L. A., & Babbie, E. (2004). The basics of communication research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Bondarenko, D., Nkyabonaki, J., & Mkunde, B. (2013). Foreign aid and self-reliance in post- socialist Tanzania: The case of the distribution of mosquito bed nets. Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society, 1(1), 67–103.
  • Boyatziz, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
  • Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Terry, G. (2015). Thematic Analysis. Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology, 95–113.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
  • Brooks, S., Spierenburg, M., van Brakel, L., Kolk, A., & Lukhozi, K. (2011). Creating a commodi-fied wilderness: Tourism, private game farming, and ‘third nature’ landscapes in KwaZulu-Natal. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 102(3), 260–274.
  • Bruner, E. (2001). The Maasai and the Lion King: Authenticity, nationalism and globalization in African tourism. American Ethnologist, 28(4), 881–908.
  • Bruner, E., & Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1994). Maasai on the lawn: Tourist realism in Africa. Cultural Anthropology, 9(2), 435–470.
  • Buzinde, C. N., Santos, C. A., & Smith, S. L. (2006). Ethnic representations: Destination imagery. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 707–728.
  • Campo, S., & Alvarez, M. D. (2014). Can tourism promotions influence a country's negative image? An experimental study on Israel’s image. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 201–219.
  • Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2008). Closing the hermeneutic circle? Photographic encounters with the other. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 7–26.
  • Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2009). Images of the other selling study abroad in a postcolonial world. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 191–204.
  • Central Statistics Office. (2012). National accounts statistics report-2011. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office.
  • Chaperon, S., & Bramwell, B. (2013). Dependency and agency in peripheral tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 132–154.
  • Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120–123.
  • Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386.
  • Cornelissen, C. (2005). Producing and Imaging ‘place’ and ‘people’: The Political Economy of South African International Tourist Representation. Review of International Political Economy, 12(4), 674–699.
  • Denscombe, M. (2014). The good research guide: For small-scale social research projects. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Department of Tourism [DoT]. (2012). Tourism Statistics: 2006–2010. Gaborone: Department of Tourism.
  • Department of Town & Regional Planning. (1998). Botswana settlement policy. Gaborone: Department of Local Government Lands & Housing.
  • Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP). (2014). National parks visitor statistics 2010–2013. Gaborone, Botswana: Department of Wildlife and National Parks.
  • Dunn, K. C. (2004). Fear of a black planet: Anarchy anxieties and postcolonial travel to Africa. Third World Quarterly, 25(3), 483–499.
  • Echtner, C. M., & Prasad, P. (2003). The context of third world tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 660–682.
  • Ferreira, S. (2004). Problems associated with tourism development in Southern Africa: The case of transfrontier conservation areas. Geo Journal, 60(3), 301–310.
  • Forsey, M., & Low, M. (2014). Beyond the production of tourism imaginaries: Student-travellers in Australia and their reception of media representations of their host nation. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 156–170.
  • Gaventa, J. (1982). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence and rebellion in an Appalachian valley. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
  • Ghimire, K. B. (2013). The growth of national and regional tourism in developing countries: An overview. In K. Ghimire (Ed.), The native tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries (pp. 1–29). London: Earthscan.
  • Gladstone, D. L. (2005). From pilgrimage to package tour: Travel and tourism in the third world. London: Routledge.
  • Government of Botswana. (1990). Tourism Policy: Government Paper no. 2 of 1990. Gaborone: Government Printers.
  • Government of Botswana. (2010). Tourism Regulations, 2010. Gaborone: The Government Printer.
  • Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007). Promoting tourism destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 15–23.
  • Henning, E., Van Rensburg, W., & Smit, B. (2005). Finding your way in qualitative research. Van Schaik: Pretoria.
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2018). The potential for justice through tourism. Tourism Review, 13. Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/viatourism/2469. doi: 10.4000/viatourism.2469
  • Hollinshead, K. (1999). Surveillance of the worlds of tourism: Foucault and the eye-of-power. Tourism Management, 20(1), 7–23.
  • Janes, D. (2008). Beyond the tourist gaze: Cultural learning on an American ‘semester abroad’ in London. Journal of Research in International Education, 7(1), 21–35.
  • Javadi, M., & Zarea, K. (2016). Understanding thematic analysis and its pitfall. Journal of Client Care, 1(1), 34–40.
  • Jeffrey, H. L. (2018). Tourism and gendered hosts and guests. Tourism Review. doi: 10.1108/TR-02-2017-0024
  • Johnson, S. D. (1995). Will our research hold up under scrutiny? Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 32(3), 3–6.
  • Lepp, A. (2008). Tourism and dependency: An analysis of Bigodi village, Uganda. Tourism Management, 29, 1206–1214.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Lo, S. T. (2012). The production and consumption of online travel photography (Unpublished dissertation). The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Hotel and Tourism Management
  • MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangement of social space in tourist settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589–603.
  • MacCannell, D. (1999). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class (3rd ed.). New York: Schicken.
  • Mazimhaka, J. (2007). Diversifying Rwanda’s tourism industry: A role for domestic tourism. Development Southern Africa, 24(3), 491–504.
  • Mokaila, O. K. (2019). Committee of Supply, Speech delivered to parliament by Honourable Onkokame K. Mokaila, Minister of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation and Tourism.
  • Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (1998). Tourism promotion and power: Creating images, creating identities. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Morupisi, P., & Mokgalo, L. (2017). Domestic tourism challenges in Botswana: A stakeholders’ perspective. Cogent Social Sciences, 3, 1298171.
  • Ncube, M., Lufumpa, C. L., & Kayizzi-Mugerwa, S. (2011, April 20). The middle of the pyramid: dynamics of the middle class in Africa. Market Brief.
  • Niskala, M., & Ridanpää, J. (2015). Ethnic representations and social exclusion: Sáminess in Finnish Lapland tourism promotion. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(4), 375–394.
  • Nyaupane, G. P., & Timothy, D. J. (2010). Power, regionalism and tourism policy in Bhutan. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 969–988.
  • Osagie, I., & Buzinde, C. N. (2011). Culture and postcolonial resistance: Antigua in Kincaid’s a small place. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 210–230.
  • Palmer, N. (2007). Ethnic equality, national identity and selective cultural representation in tourism promotion: Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 645–662.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Perkins, H. C., & Thorns, D. C. (2001). Gazing or performing?: Reflections on Urry’s tourist gaze in the context of contemporary experience in the Antipodes. International Sociology, 16, 185–204.
  • Pierret, F. (2011). Some points on domestic tourism. UNWTO. Retrieved from http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/elements_on_domestic_tourism.pdf
  • Prins, E., & Webster, N. (2010). Student identities and the tourist gaze in international service-learning: A university project in Belize. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 14(1), 5–32.
  • Qian, J. X., Wei, L., & Zhu, H. (2012). Consuming the tourist gaze: Imaginative geographies and the reproduction of sexuality in Lugu Lake. Geografiska Annaler: Series B. Human Geography, 94(2), 107–124.
  • Rassool, C., & Witz, L. (1996). South Africa: A world in one country. Moments in international tourist encounters with wildlife, the primitive and the modern. Cahiers D’études Africaines, 36(143), 335–371.
  • Rawls, J. (2001). Justice as fairness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Rooney, R. (2012). Characteristics of the Botswana Press, global media. Journal African, 6(1), 1–22.
  • Ryan, C. (2007). Rhetoric(s) of becoming possibilities for composing intersectional identities of difference. JAC, 27(3–4), 686–692.
  • Saarinen, J., & Niskala, M. (2009). Selling places and constructing local cultures in tourism: The role of the Ovahimba in Namibian tourism promotion. In P. Hottola (Ed.), Tourism strategies and local responses in Southern Africa (pp. 61–72). Oxfordshire: CABI.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
  • Santos, C. (2006). Cultural politics in contemporary travel writing. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 624–644.
  • Sindinga, I. (1996). Domestic tourism in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 19–31.
  • Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative research: Studying how things work. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Stone, L. S., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2016). Africans and protected areas: North–south perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 140–155.
  • Stone, L. S., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2018). The tourist gaze: Domestic versus international tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 58(5), 877–981.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2012). United nations world tourism organization annual report 2011. Madrid: United Nations World Tourism Organization.
  • Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze. London: Sage.
  • Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze and the environment. Theory, Culture and Society, 9, 1–26.
  • Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze. London: Sage.
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
  • Weaver, D. (1988). The evolution of a “plantation” tourism landscape on the Caribbean island of Antigua. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 79(5), 319–331.
  • Winter, T. (2009). Asian tourism and the retreat of anglo-western centrism in tourism theory. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(1), 21–31.
  • World Travel and Tourism council (WTTC). (2016). Make or break: 4 reasons why countries should not dismiss domestic tourism. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@WTTC/make-or-break-4-reasons-why-countries-should-not-dismiss-domestic-tourism-a0cce41b2269
  • Zhang, C. X., Decosta, P. L. E., & McKercher, B. (2015). Politics and tourism promotion: Hong Kong’s myth making. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 156–171.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.