References
- Adhikary, B. K. (2011). FDI, trade openness, capital formation, and economic growth in Bangladesh: A linkage analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 16–28.
- Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: The role of local financial markets. Journal of International Economics, 64(1), 89–112.
- Blachford, D., & Qi, J. (2009). FDI and economic development in China’s minority areas: Challenges in policy and practice. Transnational Corporations Review, 1(1), 36–55.
- Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. (2006). Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses. Political Analysis, 14(1), 63–82.
- Chen, Y. (2017). China’s tourism-led foreign direct investment inflows: An empirical study. Modern Economy, 8, 39–50.
- Chen, C., & Wu, Y. (2017). Impact of foreign direct investment and export on urbanization: Evidence from China. China & World Economy, 25(1), 71–89.
- Chio, J. T. (2014). A landscape of travel: The work of tourism in rural ethnic China. Seattle, WA, London: University of Washington Press.
- Choi, C. (2006). Does foreign direct investment affect domestic income inequality? Applied Economics Letters, 13(12), 811–814.
- Craigwell, R., & Moore, W. (2008). Foreign direct investment and tourism in SIDS: Evidence from panel causality tests. Tourism Analysis, 13(4), 427–432.
- Fan, S., & Chan-Kang, C. (2008). Regional road development, rural and urban poverty: Evidence from China. Transport Policy, 15(5), 305–314.
- Feenstra, R. C., & Hanson, G. H. (1997). Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics, 42(3), 371–393.
- Ge, Y. (2006). The effect of foreign direct investment on the urban wage in China: An empirical examination. Urban Studies, 43(9), 1439–1450.
- Guo, R. (2017). China ethnic statistical yearbook 2016. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Gustafsson, B., & Sai, D. (2009). Temporary and persistent poverty among ethnic minorities and the majority in rural China. Review of Income and Wealth, 55, 588–606.
- Gustafsson, B., & Sai, D. (2014). Why is there no income gap between the Hui Muslim minority and the Han majority in rural Ningxia, China? The China Quarterly, 220, 968–987.
- Gustafsson, B., & Shi, L. (2003). The ethnic minority-majority income gap in rural China during transition. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51(4), 805–822.
- He, S., Bayrak, M. M., & Lin, H. (2017). A comparative analysis of multi-scalar regional inequality in China. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 78, 1–11.
- Heberer, T. (2017). China and its national minorities: Autonomy or assimilation. London: Routledge.
- Hornstein, A. S. (2011). Where a contract is signed determines its value: Chinese provincial variation in utilized vs. contracted FDI flows. Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(1), 92–107.
- Hwang, J., & Lee, S. (2015). The effect of the rural tourism policy on non-farm income in South Korea. Tourism Management, 46, 501–513.
- Jaccard, J., & Turrisi, R. (2003). Interaction effects in multiple regression (No. 72). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Khan, A. R., & Riskin, C. (1998). Income and inequality in China: Composition, distribution and growth of household income, 1988 to 1995. The China Quarterly, 154, 221–253.
- Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28.
- Lee, M. B. (2001). Ethnicity, education and empowerment: How minority students in Southwest China construct identities. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Lew, A. A., Chon, K. S., Guangrui, Z., Yu, L., & Ap, J. (2003). Tourism in China. London: Routledge.
- Li, H., Chen, J. L., Li, G., & Goh, C. (2016). Tourism and regional income inequality: Evidence from China. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 81–99.
- Li, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, D., & Abrahams, R. (2019). Mediating urban transition through rural tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 152–164.
- Lickorish, L. J., & Jenkins, C. L. (2007). Introduction to tourism. London: Routledge.
- Lu, D. (2002). Rural-urban income disparity: Impact of growth, allocative efficiency, and local growth welfare. China Economic Review, 13(4), 419–429.
- Lu, M., & Chen, Z. (2006). Urbanization, urban-biased policies, and urban-rural inequality in China, 1987–2001. The Chinese Economy, 39(3), 42–63.
- Lv, L., Wen, S., & Xiong, Q. (2010). Determinants and performance index of foreign direct investment in China’s agriculture. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2(1), 36–48.
- Ma, L. J. (2005). Urban administrative restructuring, changing scale relations and local economic development in China. Political Geography, 24(4), 477–497.
- Park, C. H. (2014). Nongjiale tourism and contested space in rural China. Modern China, 40(5), 519–548.
- Park, S., Song, S., & Lee, S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and systematic risk of restaurant firms: The moderating role of geographical diversification. Tourism Management, 59, 610–620.
- Petersen, M. A. (2009). Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: Comparing approaches. Review of Financial Studies, 22(1), 435–480.
- Ravallion, M. (2001). Growth, inequality and poverty: Looking beyond averages. World Development, 29(11), 1803–1815.
- Rong, M. A. (2009). The development of minority education and the practice of bilingual education in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. Frontiers of Education in China, 4(2), 188–251.
- Ruixue, Z., Yang, X., & Ningyu, X. (2015). Research on the potentials and countermeasures of the utilization of foreign direct investment in Tibet of China. International Journal of Econometrics and Financial Management, 3(3), 110–114.
- Sanford Jr., D. M., & Dong, H. (2000). Investment in familiar territory: Tourism and new foreign direct investment. Tourism Economics, 6(3), 205–219.
- Sicular, T., Ximing, Y., Gustafsson, B., & Shi, L. (2007). The urban-rural income gap and inequality in China. Review of Income and Wealth, 53(1), 93–126.
- Smith, J. N. (2002). ‘Making culture matter’: Symbolic, spatial and social boundaries between Uyghurs and Han Chinese. Asian Ethnicity, 3(2), 153–174.
- Sokhanvar, A. (2019). Does foreign direct investment accelerate tourism and economic growth within Europe? Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 86–96.
- Sun, Y. (2019). Debating ethnic governance in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115), 118–132.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
- Tang, S., Selvanathan, E. A., & Selvanathan, S. (2007). The relationship between foreign direct investment and tourism: Empirical evidence from China. Tourism Economics, 13(1), 25–39.
- Toops, S. (1993). Xinjiang’s handicraft industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(1), 88–106.
- Torres-Reyna, O. (2007). Panel data analysis fixed and random effects using Stata (v. 4.2). Princeton, NJ: Data & Statistical Services, Princeton University.
- Tosun, C., Timothy, D. J., & Öztürk, Y. (2003). Tourism growth, national development and regional inequality in Turkey. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(2-3), 133–161.
- UNCTAD. (2014). Investment guide to the silk road. Geneva: United Nations.
- Wang, L. (2016). Foreign direct investment and urban growth in China. London: Routledge.
- Warikoo, K. (2016). Xinjiang-China’s Northwest frontier. London: Routledge.
- Williamson, J. G. (1965). Regional inequality and the process of national development: A description of the patterns. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13(4), 1–84.
- Wilson, S., Fesenmaier, D. R., Fesenmaier, J., & Van Es, J. C. (2001). Factors for success in rural tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 132–138.
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2005). Fixed-effects and related estimators for correlated random-coefficient and treatment-effect panel data models. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 385–390.
- Xue, J. (1997). Urban-rural income disparity and its significance in China. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 38(1), 45–59.
- Yang, L., Wall, G., & Smith, S. L. (2008). Ethnic tourism development: Chinese government perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 751–771.
- Zeng, B., & Ryan, C. (2012). Assisting the poor in China through tourism development: A review of research. Tourism Management, 33(2), 239–248.
- Zhang, K. H. (2002). What explains China’s rising urbanization in the reform era? Urban Studies, 39(12), 2301–2315.
- Zhang, Q., & Zou, H. F. (2012). Regional inequality in contemporary China. Annals of Economics & Finance, 13(1), 113–137.
- Zhao, W. (2009). The nature and roles of small tourism businesses in poverty alleviation: Evidence from Guangxi, China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 14(2), 169–182.