580
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The motivations of Chinese hikers: data from Ningbo

, &
Pages 2893-2909 | Received 05 Aug 2018, Accepted 16 Jul 2019, Published online: 13 Aug 2019

References

  • Alpert, P. (1996). Integrated conservation and development projects. BioScience, 46(11), 845–855.
  • Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 20–33.
  • Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219–228.
  • Bond, M. H. (1983). How language variation affects inter-cultural differentiation of values by Hong Kong bilinguals. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2(1), 57–66.
  • Bond, M. H. (1988). Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multicultural studies of values: The Rokeach and Chinese value Surveys. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 1009–1015.
  • Bond, M. H. (1991). Chinese values and health: A cultural level examination. Psychology and Health: an International Journal, 5, 137–152.
  • Buckley, R., McDonald, K., Duan, L., Sun, L., & Chen, L. X. (2014). Chinese model for mass adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 44, 5–13.
  • Chhetri, P. (2015). A GIS methodology for modelling hiking experiences in the Grampians National Park, Australia. Tourism Geographies, 17(5), 795–814.
  • Chhetri, P., Arrowsmith, C., & Jackson, M. (2004). Determining hiking experiences in nature-based tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 25(1), 31–43.
  • Choi, S.-H., & Fu, X. (2015). Re-examining the dimensionality of leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction in a multi-cultural context: evidence from Macau. Humanities and Social Sciences Review, 3(1), 7–13.
  • Chu, S.-C., & Choi, S. M. (2011). Electronic word-of-mouth in social networking sites: A cross-cultural study of the United States and China. Journal of Global Marketing, 24(3), 263–281.
  • Collins-Kreiner, N., & Kliot, N. (2016). Particularism vs. universalism in hiking tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 132–137.
  • Cook, D. L. (1959). A replication of Lord’s study on skewness and kurtosis of observed test-score distributions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 19, 81–87.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S., & Nakamura, J. (2014). Flow. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 227–238). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • D’Agostino, R.B., Belanger, A., & D’Agostino, R. B. Jr (1990). A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. The American Statistician, 44(4), 316–321.
  • DeCarlo, L. T. (1997). On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2(3), 292–307.
  • Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ferreira, G. (1998). Environmental education through hiking: A qualitative investigation. Environmental Education Research, 4(2), 177–185.
  • Gao, J., Huang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2017). Tourists’ perceptions of responsibility: An application of norm-activation theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 276–291.
  • Gardiner, S., & Kwek, A. (2017). Chinese participation in adventure tourism: A study of generation Y international students’ perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 56(4), 496–506.
  • Goldenberg, M., Hill, E., & Freidt, B. (2008). Why Individuals hike the Appalachian trail: A qualitative approach to benefits. Journal of Experiential Education, 30(3), 277–281.
  • Hamilton, L. (1991). Regression with Graphics: A second course in applied statitics. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
  • Havlick, D. G., Billmeyer, E., Huber, T., Vogt, B., & Rodman, K. (2016). Informal trail creation: Hiking, trail running, and mountain bicycling in shortgrass prairie. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7), 1041–1058.
  • Hill, E., Gómez, E., Goldenberg, M., Freidt, B., Fellows, S., & Hill, L. (2014). Appalachian and pacific Crest trail hikers: A comparison of benefits and motivations. Journal of Unconventional Parks, Tourism & Recreation Research, 5(1), 9–16.
  • Hintze, J. (2016) PASS 15 software. https://www.ncss.com/software/pass/pass-documentation/.
  • Ho, A. D., & Yu, C. C. (2014). Descriptive statistics for modern test score distributions: skewness, kurtosis, discreteness, and ceiling effects. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 75(3), 365–388.
  • Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural dimensions in management and planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1(2), 81–99.
  • Hsu, C. H. C., & Huang, S. (2016). Reconfiguring Chinese cultural values and their tourism implications. Tourism Management, 54, 230–242.
  • Hwang, K. K. (1998). Guanxi and Mientze: Conflict resolution in Chinese society. Intercultural Communication Studies, 7(1), 17–38.
  • Kaptchuk, T. (2000). The Web that Has No Weaver: Understanding Chinese Medicine. New York: Contemporary Books/McGraw Hill.
  • Kastenholz, E., & Rodrigues, Á. (2007). Discussing the potential benefits of hiking tourism in Portugal. Anatolia, 18(1), 5–21.
  • Kau, A. K., & Lim, P. S. (2005). Clustering of Chinese tourists to Singapore: An analysis of their motivations, values and satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(4-5), 231–248.
  • Kyle, G., Graefe, A., Manning, R., & Bacon, J. (2004). Predictors of behavioral loyalty among hikers along the Appalachian trail. Leisure Sciences, 26(1), 99–118.
  • Leung, Y. F., & Marion, J. L. (1996). Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors: A state-of-the-knowledge review. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51(2), 130–136.
  • Leung, Y. F., & Marion, J. L. (1999). Assessing trail conditions in protected areas: Application of a problem-assessment method in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Environmental Conservation, 26(4), 270–279.
  • Li, W., Ge, X., & Liu, C. (2005). Hiking trails and tourism impact assessment in protected area: Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 108(1-3), 279–293.
  • Li, F., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., & Harmer, P. (2016). China’s challenges in promoting physical activity and fitness. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1278–1279.
  • Liao, X. Y., So, S.-I., & Lam, D. (2016). Residents’ perceptions of the role of leisure satisfaction and quality of life in overall tourism development: Case of a fast-growing tourism destination – Macao. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(10), 1100–1113.
  • Littlefield, J., & Siudzinski, R. A. (2012). ‘Hike your own hike’: equipment and serious leisure along the Appalachian trail. Leisure Studies, 31(4), 465–486.
  • Lord, F. M. (1955). A survey of observed test-score distributions with respect to skewness and kurtosis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 15, 383–389.
  • Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of item response theory to practical Testing problems. . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Lu, J., & Campbell, M. J. (2008). The nature and heterogeneity of perceived constraints of using the trans Canada trail for hiking/walking. Leisure/Loisir, 32(1), 183–201.
  • Mak, M. K., Lau, A. L., Law, F. S., Cheung, C. C., & Wong, I. S. (2007). Validation of the Chinese translated activities-specific balance confidence scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(4), 496–503.
  • Manfredo, M. J., Driver, B. L., & Tarrant, M. A. (1996). Measuring leisure motivation: A meta-analysis of the recreation experience preference scales. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 188–213.
  • McNamara, K. E., & Prideaux, B. (2011). Planning nature-based hiking trails in a tropical rainforest setting. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 289–305.
  • Mohd Taher, S. H., Jamal, S. A., Sumarjan, N., & Aminudin, N. (2015). Examining the structural relations among hikers’ assessment of pull-factors, satisfaction and revisit intentions: The case of mountain tourism in Malaysia. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 12, 82–88.
  • Montgomery, D., & Peck, E. (1992). Introduction to linear regression analysis. New York: Wiley Inter-Science Publication.
  • Nordbø, I., Engilbertsson, H. O., & Vale, L. S. R. (2014). Market Myopia in the development of hiking destinations: The case of Norwegian DMOs. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(4), 380–405.
  • Norušis, M. J. (2014). IBM SPSS statistics 23.0 guide to data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ólafsdóttir, R., & Runnström, M. C. (2013). Assessing hiking trails condition in two popular tourist destinations in the Icelandic highlands. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 34, 57–67.
  • Ong, C. E., & du Cros, H. (2012). The post-Mao gazes: Chinese backpackers in Macau. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 735–754.
  • Pearce, P. L. (1988). The Ulysses factor: Evaluating visitors in tourist settings. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005). Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226–237.
  • Quinlan Cutler, S., Carmichael, B., & & Doherty, S. (2014). The Inca trail experience: Does the journey matter? Annals of Tourism Research, 45, 152–166.
  • Roberson, D. N., & Babic, V. (2009). Remedy for modernity: Experiences of walkers and hikers on Medvednica Mountain. Leisure Studies, 28(1), 105–112.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
  • Saayman, M., & Viljoen, A. (2016). Who are wild enough to hike a wilderness trail? Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 14, 41–51.
  • Santarém, F., Silva, R., & Santos, P. (2015). Assessing ecotourism potential of hiking trails: A framework to incorporate ecological and cultural features and seasonality. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 190–206.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zouma (Ed.). Advances in Experimental social Psychology (Vol.25, pp. 1–65). Orlando: Academic Press.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Human values and social issues: Current understanding and implications for the future. Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45.
  • Wolf, I. D., Hagenloh, G., & Croft, D. B. (2012). Visitor monitoring along roads and hiking trails: How to determine usage levels in tourist sites. Tourism Management, 33(1), 16–28.
  • Wöran, B., & Arnberger, A. (2012). Exploring relationships between recreation specialization, restorative environments and mountain hikers’ flow experience. Leisure Sciences, 34(2), 95–114.
  • Xiang, H. (2005). Comparative study on international and domestic characteristics of hiking. World Regional Studies, 3, 72–79 (in Mandarin).
  • Xuan, Z. H. U. (2005). A probe into the characteristics of backpackers and their Influences on the development of Chinese tourist destinations. Tourism Science, 3.
  • Yan, Y. (2003). Private life under socialism: Love, intimacy, and family change in a Chinese village, 1949-1999. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.