Chinese tourists’ sense of safety: perceptions of expected and experienced destination safety

References

• Adam, I. (2015). Backpackers’ risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies in Ghana. Tourism Management, 49, 99–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam, I., & Adongo, C. A. (2016). Do backpackers suffer crime? An empirical investigation of crime perpetrated against backpackers in Ghana. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 27, 60–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleyne, D., & Boxill, I. (2003). The impact of crime on tourist arrivals in Jamaica. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(5), 381–391.
   Google Scholar
• Aramberri, J. (2010). Modern mass tourism. Emerald, UK: Bingley.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, M., Page, S. J., & Meyer, D. (2003). Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 355–361.
   Google Scholar
• Beirman, D. (2009). Medical: Pandemic threat-tourist industry nightmare? Tourism Review. Retrieved from https://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-medical-pandemic-threat-tourism-industry-nightmare-category966
   Google Scholar
• Beirman, D. (2012). Danger in paradise: Resurrecting tourism after natural disasters. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/danger-in-paradise-resurrecting-tourism-after-natural-disasters-3827
   Google Scholar
• Boakye, K. A. (2010). Studying tourists’ suitability as crime targets. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 727–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boakye, K. A. (2012). Tourists’ views on safety and vulnerability. A study of some selected towns in Ghana. Tourism Management, 33(2), 327–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botterill, D., Pointing, S., Hayes-Jonkers, C., Clough, A., Jones, T., & Rodriguez, C. (2013). Violence, backpackers, security and critical realism. Annals of Tourism Research, 42(4), 311–333.
   Google Scholar
• Brunt, P., Mawby, R., & Hambly, Z. (2000). Tourist victimisation and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management, 21(4), 417–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright, R. (2000). Reducing the health risks associated with travel. Tourism Economics, 6(2), 159–167.
   Google Scholar
• Cavlek, N. (2002). Tour operators and destination safety. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 478–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford, K. M., Brander, R. W., Trimble, S., & Houser, C. (2018). Beach safety knowledge of visiting international study abroad students to Australia. Tourism Management, 69, 487–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E., & Cohen, S. A. (2012). Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2177–2202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cong, Z., & An, L. J. (2004). Preliminary establishment and reliability of the Safety Sense Scale and validity test. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 18(2), 97–99.
   Google Scholar
• Coshall, J. T. (2003). The threat of terrorism as an intervention on international travel flows. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 4–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz-Milán, O., Simpson, J. J., Simpson, P. M., & Choi, W. (2016). Reassurance or reason for concern: Security forces as a crisis management strategy. Tourism Management, 56, 114–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, G., & Staelin, R. (1994). A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 119–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2003). The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2016). Using an intersectionality perspective to uncover older Chinese female’s perceived travel constraints and negotiation strategies. Tourism Management, 57, 128–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, R. (2003). Tourist’s perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24(5), 575–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, R. (2010). Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 31(6), 806–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gstaettner, A. M., Rodger, K., & Lee, D. (2017). Visitor perspectives of risk management in a natural tourism setting: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 19, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J., & Duval, D. T. (2003). Safety and security in tourism: Relationships, management, and marketing. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. (2007). Tourism crisis: Causes, consequences and management. Oxford: Butterwaorth- Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Holcomb, J., & Pizam, A. (2006). Do incidents of theft at tourist destinations have a negative effect on tourists decisions to travel to affected destinations? In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism security and safety: From theory to practice (pp. 105–124). Burlington, MA: Elseview Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Khazai, B., Mahdavian, F., & Platt, S. (2018). Tourism Recovery Scorecard (TOURS) – Benchmarking and monitoring progress on disaster recovery in tourism destinations. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 75–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M., Crotts, J., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242.
   Google Scholar
• Laws, E., & Prideaux, B. (2005). Tourism crisis: Management responses and theoretical insight. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepp, A., Gibson, H., & Lane, C. (2011). Image and perceived risk: A study of Uganda and its official tourism website. Tourism Management, 32(3), 675–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. J., Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., & Farajat, S. A. D. (2016). Source market perceptions: How risky is Jordan to travel to? Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(4), 294–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLaurin, T. L. (2001). Food safety in travel and tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 39(3), 332–333.
   Google Scholar
• Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism security and safety: From theory to practice. New York: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney, B., McSweeney, W., & Bill, M. (1999). Security, identity and interests: A sociology of international relations (Vol. 69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neumayer, E. (2004). The impact of political violence on tourism: Dynamic cross-national estimation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 259–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, S. J., Bentley, T., & Walker, L. (2005). Tourist safety in New Zealand and Scotland. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 150–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu, L. (2011). Safety and security in tourism. Case study: Romania. Forum Geografic, 10(2), 322–328.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu Zhang, H. (2005). Impact of the tsunami on Chinese outbound tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(5), 433–435.
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225.
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2006). Cultural differences in travel risk perception. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 20(1), 13–31.
   Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat, B. N. (2013). Tourists’ and tourism suppliers’ perceptions toward crisis management on tsunami. Tourism Management, 34, 112–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat, B., Nelson, R., & Rahmafitria, F. (2018). Applying the perceived probability of risk and bias toward optimism: Implications for travel decisions in the face of natural disasters. Tourism Management, 66, 221–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitas, A., Asteriou, D., Polyzos, S., & Kenourgios, D. (2018). Terrorist incidents and tourism demand: Evidence from Greece. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 23–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2013). Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36(3), 502–510.
   Google Scholar
• Sofield, T. H. (2006). Border tourism and border communities: An overview. Tourism Geographies, 8(2), 102–121.
   Google Scholar
• Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171–177.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Tasci, A. D. A., & Gartner, C. W. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45(5), 413–425.
   Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Wang, K. C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urioste-Stone, S. M. D., Le, L., Scaccia, M. D., & Wilkins, E. (2016). Nature-based tourism and climate change risk: Visitors’ perceptions in mount desert island, Maine. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 13, 57–65.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, G., Shipway, R., Miles, L., & Aldrigui, M. (2017). Fandom and risk perceptions of Olympic tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 210–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. B. (2000). The exploratory war-distorted destination life cycle. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(3), 151–161.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, J. Y., & Yeh, C. (2009). Tourist hesitation in destination decision making. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 6–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woosnam, K. M., & Aleshinloye, K. D. (2013). Can tourists experience emotional solidarity with residents? Testing Durkheim’s model from a new perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 52(4), 494–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woosnam, K. M., Shafer, C. S., Scott, D., & Timothy, D. J. (2015). Tourists’ perceived safety through emotional solidarity with residents in two Mexico-United States border regions. Tourism Management, 46, 263–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization, Madrid. (1996). Tourist safety and security: Practical measures for destinations. Tourism Management, 18(6), 4113–4407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yearbook of Xiamen Special Economic Zone. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.stats-xm.gov.cn/
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, X. M., & Zou, Y. G. (2016). Safety and security. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of tourism (pp. 814–815). Switzerland: Springer International.
   Google Scholar
• Zou, Y. G., & Zheng, X. M. (2012a). An empirical study on the affecting factors of tourists’ sense of security in tourism destinations. Tourism Tribune, 27(1), 49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Zou, Y. G., & Zheng, X. M. (2012b). Study on the influencing factors, formation mechanism and promotion tactics of tourists’ sense of security. Human Geography, 27(3), 103–108.
   Google Scholar
• Zou, Y. G., & Zheng, X. M. (2014). The formation of tourists’ sense of security at a destination: An empirical study. Tourism Tribune, 29(3), 84–90.
   Google Scholar