To board or not to board? Understanding the drivers of intention to fly during the COVID-19 crisis

References

• Abdullah, M., Dias, C., Muley, D., & Shahin, M. (2020). Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and mode preferences. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. L., & Agarwal, R. (2010). Practicing safe computing: A multimethod empirical examination of home computer user security behavioral intentions. MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 613–643. https://doi.org/10.2307/25750694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafat, S. M. Y., Kar, S. K., Menon, V., Kaliamoorthy, C., Mukherjee, S., Alradie-Mohamed, A., Sharma, P., Marthoenis, M., & Kabir, R. (2020). Panic buying: An insight from the content analysis of media reports during COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 37, 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2020.07.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P.-J. (2021). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltar, F., & Brunet, I. (2012). Social research 2.0: Virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook. Internet Research, 22(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211199960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, B.-L., Al-Ansi, A., Lee, M. J., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zola, P., Zollo, F., & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Confente, I., & Vigolo, V. (2018). Online travel behaviour across cohorts: The impact of social influences and attitude on hotel booking intention. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(5), 660–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coşkun, A., & Yetkin Özbük, R. M. (2020). What influences consumer food waste behavior in restaurants? An application of the extended theory of planned behavior. Waste Management, 117, 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S. S., & Aviral, T. K. (2021). Understanding international and domestic travel intention of Indian travellers during COVID-19 using a Bayesian approach. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1830341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Domenico, G., Sit, J., Ishizaka, A., & Nunan, D. (2021). Fake news, social media and marketing: A systematic review. Journal of Business Research, 124(C), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.037
   Google Scholar
• Duan, J., Xie, C., & Morrison, A. M. (2021). Tourism crises and impacts on destinations: A systematic review of the tourism and hospitality literature. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, XX(X), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348021994194
   Google Scholar
• Ezati Rad, R., Mohseni, S., Kamalzadeh Takhti, H., Hassani Azad, M., Shahabi, N., Aghamolaei, T., & Norozian, F. (2021). Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 466. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10500-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederickson, H. G., & LaPorte, T. R. (2002). Airport security, high reliability, and the problem of rationality. Public Administration Review, 62(s1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.62.s1.7
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, S., King, C., & Grace, D. (2013). Travel decision making: An empirical examination of generational values, attitudes, and intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(3), 310–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Hult, T., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd ed. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, R. T. K., & Sun, X. Y. (2016). Overweight/obesity-related attitudes and self-care behaviours: Evaluation and comparison of the protection motivation model and theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 10, 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotle, S., Murray-Tuite, P., & Singh, K. (2020). Influenza risk perception and travel-related health protection behavior in the US: Insights for the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ICAO. (2021). Effects of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on civil aviation: Economic impact analysis. https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_Econ_Impact.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Instagram. (2020, March 24). COVID-19 Announcement | Instagram | Official Blog. https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/coronavirus-keeping-people-safe-informed-and-supported-on-instagram
   Google Scholar
• Khatib, A. N., Carvalho, A.-M., Primavesi, R., To, K., & Poirier, V. (2020). Navigating the risks of flying during COVID-19: A review for safe air travel. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khazaee-Pool, M., Naghibi, S. A., Pashaei, T., & Jahangiry, L. (2020). Development and initial validation of a scale for assessing affecting factors on preventive behaviors of COVID-19 (AFPB-CO): Using the protection motivation theory. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-23051/v1
   Google Scholar
• Kim, L., Fast, S. M., & Markuzon, N. (2019). Incorporating media data into a model of infectious disease transmission. PLoS ONE, 14(2), e0197646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.607
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, A., Paul, M. J., & Dredze, M. (2013, June). Separating fact from fear: Tracking flu infections on Twitter. Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2013 (pp. 789–795).
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, T. L., Winter, S. R., Rice, S., Ruskin, K. J., & Vaughn, A. (2020). Factors that predict passengers willingness to fly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, J. A., Zhang, P., Dipietro, R. B., & Meng, F. (2019). Food tourist segmentation: Attitude, behavioral intentions and travel planning behavior based on food involvement and motivation. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 20(2), 129–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research, 102964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, R. J., Delcea, C., & Cotfas, L. A. (2021). Airplane boarding methods that reduce risk from COVID-19. Safety Science, 134, 105061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morosan, C. (2012). Voluntary steps toward air travel security: An examination of travelers’ attitudes and intentions to use biometric systems. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 436–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morten, A., Gatersleben, B., & Jessop, D. C. (2018). Staying grounded? Applying the theory of planned behaviour to explore motivations to reduce air travel. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 55, 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neto, I. L., Matsunaga, L. H., Machado, C. C., Günther, H., Hillesheim, D., Pimentel, C. E., Vargas, J. C., & d’Orsi, E. (2020). Psychological determinants of walking in a Brazilian sample: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 73, 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimri, R., Patiar, A., Kensbock, S., & Jin, X. (2020). Consumers’ intention to stay in Green hotels in Australia: Theorization and implications. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(1), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019862602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parady, G., Taniguchi, A., & Takami, K. (2020). Travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Analyzing the effects of risk perception and social influence on going-out self-restriction. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 7, 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100181
   Google Scholar
• Peres, D., Monteiro, J., Almeida, M. A., & Ladeira, R. (2020). Risk perception of COVID-19 among Portuguese healthcare professionals and the general population. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3), 434–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R., Pattison, H. M., & Francis, J. J. (2016). An online study combining the constructs from the theory of planned behaviour and protection motivation theory in predicting intention to test for chlamydia in two testing contexts. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 21(1), 38–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasetyo, Y. T., Castillo, A. M., Salonga, L. J., Sia, J. A., & Seneta, J. A. (2020). Factors affecting perceived effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures among Filipinos during enhanced community quarantine in Luzon, Philippines: Integrating protection motivation theory and extended theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 99, 312–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pütz, O. (2012). From non-places to non-events: The airport security checkpoint. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 41(2), 154–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241611426431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastegar, R., Seyfi, S., & Rasoolimanesh, S. M. (2021). How COVID-19 case fatality rates have shaped perceptions and travel intention? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A. (2021a). Monitoring the impacts of tourism based social media, risk perception and fear on tourist’s attitude and revisiting behaviour in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(23), 3275–3283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1884666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A. (2021b). Demystifying the effects of perceived risk and fear on customer engagement, co-creation and revisit intention during COVID-19: A protection motivation theory approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor’s comments: A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in “MIS quarterly”. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), iii–xiv. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1985). Attitude change and information integration in fear appeals. Psychological Reports, 56(1), 179–182. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.1.179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 2027–2041. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1743242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Cañizares, S. M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L. J., Muñoz-Fernández, G., & Fuentes-García, F. J. (2021). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seow, A. N., Choong, C. K., Chen, I. C., & Choong, Y. O. (2021). Can protection motivation theory explain the perception of international tourists' on medical tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights.
   Google Scholar
• Seow, A. N., Choong, Y. O., Moorthy, K., & Choong, C. K. (2021). Predicting medical tourism behavioural intention using social cognition models. Tourism Review, 76(2), 374–391. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanford, S., & Montgomery, R. (2015). The effects of social influence and cognitive dissonance on travel purchase decisions. Journal of Travel Research, 54(5), 596–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Think Global Health. (2020). Travel restrictions on China due to COVID-19. https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/travel-restrictions-china-due-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, S., Avery, A. R., & Duncan, G. E. (2021). Fear and depression linked to COVID-19 exposure A study of adult twins during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 296, 113699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunçgenç, B., El Zein, M., Sulik, J., Newson, M., Zhao, Y., Dezecache, G., & Deroy, O. (2021). Social influence matters: We follow pandemic guidelines most when our close circle does. British Journal of Psychology, 112(3), 763–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turismo de Portugal. (2021). TURISMO EM NÚMEROS | Dezembro 2020. https://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt/pt-pt/Documents/Turismo%20em%20Portugal/turismo-em-numeros-dez-2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2021). 2020: Worst year in tourism history with 1 billion fewer international arrivals. https://www.unwto.org/taxonomy/term/347
   Google Scholar
• Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S.,Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature human behaviour, 4(5), 460–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. Y. (2012). Investigating the determinants of travel blogs influencing readers’ intention to travel. The Service Industries Journal, 32(2), 231–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2011.559225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B. W., & Mills, D. J. (2019). Travellers’ self-protections against health risks: An application of the full protection motivation theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, 102743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasami, M. (2021). International tourists’ threat appraisal, coping appraisal, and protection intention. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 22(2), 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2020.1768460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., & Bacao, F. (2020). What factors determining customer continuingly using food delivery apps during 2019 novel coronavirus pandemic period?. International journal of hospitality management, 91, 102683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83, 104261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar