255
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Travelling abroad or domestically? The effects of belief in karma and anxiety on post-pandemic travelling intention among Chinese tourists

& ORCID Icon
Pages 873-886 | Received 08 Jul 2022, Accepted 27 Feb 2023, Published online: 13 Mar 2023

References

  • Albert, E., & Maizland, L. (2020). Religion in China. Retrieved February 20, 2023, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/religion-china
  • Arkin, R. M., & Ruck, L. (2007). Anxiety. In R. F. Baumeister, & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 42–43). Sage.
  • Blumberg, S. H., & Izard, C. E. (1986). Discriminating patterns of emotions in 10- and 11-yr-old children's anxiety and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 852–857. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.852
  • Bramwell, B. (1994). Rural tourism and sustainable rural tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1-2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589409510679
  • Chen, M., Chu, X.-Y., Lin, C.-H., & Yu, S.-H. (2022). What goes around comes around: The effect of belief in karma on charitable donation behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 39(5), 1065–1077. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21642
  • Converse, B. A., Risen, J. L., & Carter, T. J. (2012). Investing in karma. Psychological Science, 23(8), 923–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612437248
  • Dhiman, S. (2018). Law of karma: Just our moral balance sheet or a path to sagehood and fulfillmnet? In S. Dhiman, G. E. Roberts, & J. E. Crossman (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of workplace, spirituality, and fulfillment (pp. 513–541). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ercan, S., Vinod, S., & Sevil, S. (1999). Redefining ecotourism: The need for a supply-side view. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800210
  • Exline, J. J., Wilt, J. A., Stauner, N., Schutt, W. A., Pargament, K. I., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2021). Supernatural operating rules: How people envision and experience God, the devil, ghosts/spirits, fate/destiny, karma, and luck. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, (9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000444.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Geuens, M., & De Pelsmacker, P. (2017). Planning and conducting experimental advertising research and questionnaire design. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1225233
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
  • Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2014). The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place, and space. Routledge.
  • Hjalager, A. M. (1996). Agricultural diversification into tourism. Tourism Management, 17(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(95)00113-1
  • Hu, F., Teichert, T., Deng, S., Liu, Y., & Zhou, G. (2021). Dealing with pandemics: An investigation of the effects of COVID-19 on customers’ evaluations of hospitality services. Tourism Management, 85(August), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104320
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Itani, O. S., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2021). Light at the end of the tunnel: Visitors’ virtual reality (versus in-person) attraction site tour-related behavioral intentions during and post-COVID-19. Tourism Management, 84(June), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104290.
  • Jacoby, J. (1971). Personality and innovation proneness. Journal of Marketing Research, 8(2), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377100800217
  • Jankowski, T., & Bak, W. (2019). Mindfulness as a mediator of the relationship between trait anxiety, attentional control and cognitive failures. A multimodel inference approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 142(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.034
  • Kopalle, P. K., Lehmann, D. R., & Farley, J. U. (2010). Consumer expectations and culture: The effect of belief in karma in India. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1086/651939
  • Kramer, T., & Block, L. G. (2011). Nonconscious effects of peculiar beliefs on consumer psychology and choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2010.09.009
  • Krishan, Y. (1997). The doctrine of karma. Motilal Banarsidass.
  • Kulow, K., & Kramer, T. (2016). In pursuit of good karma: When charitable appeals to do right go wrong. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(2), 334–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw018
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, K., Kim, H., & Vohs, K. D. (2011). Stereotype threat in the marketplace: Consumer anxiety and purchase intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(2), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1086/659315
  • Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research, 86(January), 1–5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102964
  • Lin, C.-T., & Yen, W.-H. (2015). On the naturalization of karma and rebirth. International Journal of Dharma Studies, 3(6), 1–18. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40613-015-0016-2
  • Locander, W. B., & Hermann, P. W. (1979). The effect of self-confidence and anxiety on information seeking in consumer risk reduction. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600211
  • Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217859
  • McGuire, B. F. (2013). Divining karma in Chinese buddhism. Religion Compass, 7(10), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12068
  • Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Sense of control under uncertainty depends on people’s childhood environment: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037398
  • Mo, T., Cho, Y.-N., & Wong, N. (2022). “I must have done something good”: Justifying luxury consumption with karmic beliefs. Journal of Business Research, 144(May), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.074
  • Muralidharan, S. (2023). Mediating roles of karma and self-enhancement in the effect of religious and spiritual primes on bystanders' reporting intention. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(1), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12820
  • National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). Main data of the seventh national population census. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html
  • Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78(June), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
  • Ong, H. H., Evans, A. M., Nelissen, R. M. A., & van Beest, I. (2022). Belief in karma is associated with perceived (but not actual)trustworthiness. Judgment and Decision Making, 17(2), 362–377. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500009141
  • Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 867–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009
  • Peluso, A. M., & Pichierri, M. (2021). Effects of socio-demographics, sense of control, and uncertainty avoidability on post-COVID-19 vacation intention. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(19), 2755–2767. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1849050
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  • Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999). All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79(1), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2838
  • Raghunathan, R., Pham, M. T., & Corfman, K. P. (2006). Informational properties of anxietyand sadness, and displaced coping. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(4), 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1086/500491
  • Schaninger, C. M. (1976). Perceived risk and personality. Journal of Consumer Research, 3(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1086/208656
  • Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Shabani, B. (2023). COVID-19 and international travel restrictions: The geopolitics of health and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 25(1), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1833972.
  • Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (2002). Critical issues in tourism: A geographical perspective. Blackwell Publishers.
  • Sheryl, R., & Geoffrey, W. (1999). Ecotourism: Towards congruence between theory and practice. Tourism Management, 20(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00098-3
  • Skinner, E. A. (1996). A guide to constructs of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 549–570. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.549
  • Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., & Marsh, B. J. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and the state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (pp. 993–1021). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Srikanth, P. B., & Thakur, M. (2022). The influence of karma duty orientation and attention regulation in the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinate performance. Journal of Business Research, 144(May), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.050
  • Thomas, M., & Tsai, C. I. (2012). Psychological distance and subjective experience: How distancing reduces the feeling of difficulty. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(2), 324–340. https://doi.org/10.1086/663772
  • Valenzuela, A., Bonezzi, A., & Szabó-Douat, T. (2018). What goes around, comes around: How beliefs in karma influence the use of word of mouth for self-enhancement. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 3(4), 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1086/699567
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2021). COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2020-0110
  • White, C. J. M., Willard, A. K., Baimel, A., & Norenzayan, A. (2021). Cognitive pathways to belief in karma and belief in God. Cognitive Science, 45(1), 1–42. http://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12935
  • White, C. J. M., Norenzayan, A., & Schaller, M. (2019). The content and correlates of belief in karma across cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(8), 1184–1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218808502
  • Willard, A. K., Baimel, A., Turpin, H., Jong, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2020). Rewarding the good and punishing the bad: The role of karma and afterlife beliefs in shaping moral norms. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(5), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.001
  • Wilt, J., Oehlberg, K., & Revelle, W. (2011). Anxiety in personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 987–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.014
  • World Tourism Organization. (2020a). International tourism and Covid-19. Retrieved August 3, 2020, from https://www.unwto.org/international-tourism-and-covid-19
  • World Tourism Organization. (2020b). World tourism barometer n. 18 January 2020. Retrieved July 24. 2022, from. https://www.unwto.org/world-tourism-barometer-n18-january-2020
  • World Tourism Organization. (2022). 145 key tourism statistics. Retrieved July 24, 2022, from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/key-tourism-statistics
  • Yale, P. (2004). From tourist attractions to heritage tourism. ELM Publications.
  • Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021). Too afraid to travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84(June), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104286.
  • Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81(December), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164.
  • Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83(April), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261.
  • Zikmund, W. G., & Scott, J. E. (1974). A multivariate analysis of perceived risk, self-confidence and information sources. In S. Ward, & P. Wright (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 1, pp. 406–416). Association for Consumer Research.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.