Hawaii's real life marine park: interpretation and impacts of commercial marine tourism in the Hawaiian Islands

References

• Andersen , M. S. and Miller , M. L. 2006 . Onboard marine environmental education: Whale watching in the San Juan Islands, Washington . Tourism in Marine Environments , 2 ( 2 ) : 111 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Barker , N. H.L. and Roberts , C.M. 2004 . Scuba diver behavior and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs . Biological Conservation , 120 ( 4 ) : 481 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeton , S. 1999 . Hoof prints on the mind: An exploration of attitudinal relationships between bushwalkers and commercial horseback tours . Tourism Management , 20 ( 2 ) : 255 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behan , J. R. , Richards , M. T. and Lee , M. E. 2001 . Effects of tour jeeps in a wildland setting in non-motorized recreationist benefits . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 19 ( 2 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , B. L. 2007 . Qualitative research methods for the social sciences , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• van Beukering , P. J. and Cesar , H. S. 2004 . Ecological economic modeling of coral reefs: Evaluating tourist overuse at Hanauma Bay and algae blooms at the Kihei Coast, Hawai‘i . Pacific Science , 58 ( 2 ) : 243 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Bramwell , B. and Lane , B. 1993 . Interpretation and sustainable tourism: The potential and the pitfalls . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 1 ( 2 ) : 71 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Cesar , H. S.J. and van Beukering , P. J.H. 2004 . Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawai‘i . Pacific Science , 58 ( 2 ) : 231 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , J. , Thapa , B. and Confer , J. J. 2005 . Environmental concern and behaviors among coral reef tourists at Green Island, Taiwan . Tourism in Marine Environments , 2 ( 1 ) : 39 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , A. , Rowe , S. and Needham , M. D. 2007 . Value orientations, awareness of consequences, and participation in a whale watching education program in Oregon . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 12 ( 4 ) : 275 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) . 2003 . A practical guide to good practice: Managing environmental impacts in the marine recreation sector San Francisco Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.coral.org
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell , S. P. and Graefe , A. R. 1997 . Testing a conceptual framework of responsible environmental behavior . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 ( 1 ) : 17 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell , S. P. and Meisel , C. Predictors of personal responsibility to protect the marine environment among scuba divers . Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium . Edited by: Murdy , J. pp. 252 – 261 . Newtown Square, PA : USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station . (Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-317)
   Google Scholar
• Courbis , S. and Timmel , G. in press . Effects of vessels and swimmers on behavior of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealake′akua, Honaunau, and Kauhako bays, Hawai‘i . Marine Mammal Science ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danil , K. , Maldini , D. and Marten , K. 2005 . Patterns of use of Maku‘a Beach, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, by spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and potential effects of swimmers on their behavior . Aquatic Mammals , 31 ( 4 ) : 403 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , K. , Hamnet , M. and Minato , C. 2003 . Economic value of Hawaii′s nearshore reefs , Honolulu : Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawai‘i .
   Google Scholar
• Dearden , P. , Bennett , M. and Rollins , R. 2007 . Perceptions of diving impacts and implications for reef conservation . Coastal Management , 35 ( 2–3 ) : 305 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) . 2005 . 2005 annual visitor research report , Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt
   Google Scholar
• Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) . 2007 . 2006 annual visitor research report , Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt
   Google Scholar
• Dinsdale , E. A. and Harriott , V. J. 2004 . Assessing anchor damage on coral reefs: A case study in selection of environmental indicators . Environmental Management , 33 ( 1 ) : 126 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Division of Aquatic Resources (Hawai‘i) . 2006 . Hawai‘i’s local action strategy to address recreational impacts to reefs , Honolulu, HI : Department of Land and Natural Resources & Hawai‘i Ecotourism Association .
   Google Scholar
• Duffus , D. A. and Dearden , P. 1990 . Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework . Biological Conservation , 53 ( 3 ) : 213 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filho , W. , deCarvalho , C. and Hale , W. 1998 . Environmental education in protected areas: International perspective and experience , New York : Parthenon Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Finkler , W. and Higham , J. 2004 . The human dimensions of whale watching: An analysis based on viewing platforms . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 9 ( 2 ) : 103 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedlander , A. M. , Aeby , G. , Brown , E. , Clark , A. , Coles , S. Dollar , S. 2005 . “ The state of coral reef ecosystems of the main Hawaiian Islands ” . In The state of coral reef ecosystems in the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States , Edited by: Waddell , J. 222 – 269 . Silver Spring, MD : NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring & Assessment .
   Google Scholar
• Garrod , B. and Wilson , J. C. 2003 . Marine ecotourism: Issues and experiences , Clevedon, , UK : Channel View Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , T. and DeLacey , T. 2002 . “ Green Globe: Sustainability accreditation for tourism ” . In Sustainable tourism: A global perspective , Edited by: Harris , R. , Griffin , T. and Williams , P. 58 – 88 . Boston : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins , J. , Roberts , C. , Vant Hof , T. , De Meyer , K. , Tratalos , J. and Aldam , C. 1999 . Effects of scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities . Conservation Biology , 13 ( 4 ) : 888 – 897 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines , J. M. , Hungerford , H. R. and Tomera , A. N. 1986 . Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis . Journal of Environmental Education , 18 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , K. N. and Meyer , C. G. 2003 . Human activities in marine protected areas: Impacts on substrates , Kāne‘ohe, HI : Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology .
   Google Scholar
• Hoyt , E. 2005 . Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins and porpoises , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Jickling , B. 1997 . If environmental education is to make sense for teachers, we had better rethink how we define it . Canadian Journal of Environmental Education , 2 ( 1 ) : 86 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , A. M. and Liddle , M. J. 1989 . Impacts of human trampling in different zones of a coral reef flat . Environmental Management , 13 ( 4 ) : 509 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel , J. R. 1999 . Ecotourism as environmental learning . Journal of Environmental Education , 30 ( 2 ) : 40 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Manfredo , M. J. 2002 . Wildlife viewing: A management handbook , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Medio , D. , Orond , R. F.G. and Pearson , M. 1997 . Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers . Biological Conservation , 79 ( 1 ) : 91 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowen , A. J. , Kerstetter , D. L. , Graefe , A. R. and Miles , J. P. 2006 . A concession program evaluation for Pennsylvania State Parks , State College : Pennsylvania State University .
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. B. 1997 . The effectiveness of environmental education: Can we turn tourists into ‘greenies’? . Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research , 3 ( 4 ) : 295 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. B. 1999 . Marine tourism: Development, impacts, and management , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. B. 2000 . Tourists getting close to whales, is it what whale watching is all about? . Tourism Management , 21 ( 6 ) : 561 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , D. W. 1994 . Earth in mind: On education, environment and the human prospect , Washington, DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. 2002 . Public lands and private recreation enterprise: Policy issues from a historical perspective , Portland, OR : USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station . (USFS Gen.Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-556)
   Google Scholar
• Randall , C. and Rollins , R. 2006 . The kayak tour guide: An important influence on National Park visitors . IntepScan , 31 ( 4 ) : 5 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , J. R.B. 1999 . Policy formulation at the tourism/environment interface: Insights and recommendations from the Banff-Bow Valley study . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 2 ) : 100 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers , K. S. and Cox , E. F. 2003 . The effects of trampling on Hawaiian corals along a gradient of human use . Biological Conservation , 112 ( 3 ) : 383 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggenbuck , J. W. , Williams , D. R. and Bobinski , C. T. 1992 . Public-private partnership to increase commercial tour guides' effectiveness as nature interpreters . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 10 ( 2 ) : 41 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Rouphael , A. B. and Inglis , G. J. 2001 . Take only photographs and leave only footprints: An experimental study of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites . Biological Conservation , 100 ( 3 ) : 281 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salm , R. V. and Clark , J. R. 2000 . Marine and coastal protected areas: A guide for planners and managers , 3 , Gland, , Switzerland : International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Schleyer , M. H. and Tomalin , B. J. 2000 . Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach . Bulletin of Marine Science , 67 ( 3 ) : 1025 – 1042 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sem , J. , Clements , C. J. and Bloomquist , P. 1996 . Tourism and recreation management: Strategies for public lands . Parks and Recreation , 31 ( 9 ) : 92 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , K. R. 2006 . Whale watch passengers’ preferences for tour attributes and marine management in Maui, Hawai‘i , Burnaby, British Columbia, , Canada : Simon Fraser University . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Talge , H. Impact of recreational divers on coral reefs in the Florida Keys . Paper presented at the 10th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences: Diving for Science . St Petersburg, FL. October .
   Google Scholar
• Tissot , B. N. and Hallacher , L. E. 2000 . Diver impacts on coral reefs at Kealakekua Bay, Hawai‘i , Hilo, HI : University of Hawai‘i . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Tratalos , J. and Austin , T. 2001 . Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving on coral communities of the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman . Biological Conservation , 102 ( 1 ) : 67 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubb , K. N. 2003 . An evaluation of the effectiveness of interpretation within Dartmoor National Park in reaching the goals of sustainable tourism development . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 11 ( 6 ) : 476 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• Vining , J. 2003 . The connection to other animals and caring for nature . Human Ecology Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Wearing , S. and Metry , M. Why have adventure guides failed as interpreters? Or has interpretation failed them? . Paper presented at the National Interpretation Australia Association: The Human Factor in Interpretation . Hobart, Australia. September .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. 2001 . Ecotourism , Sydney, , Australia : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Wiener , C. 2006 . Imi o na ala o ke moana: Learning the ways of the oceans, an evaluation of ocean education and marine tourism practices in Hawai‘i , Toronto, ON, , Canada : York University . Unpublished MES paper thesis
   Google Scholar
• Zakai , D. and Chadwick-Furman , N. E. 2002 . Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea . Biological Conservation , 105 ( 2 ) : 179 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar