References
- Adam , B. 1988 . “ Social versus natural time ” . In The rhythms of society , Edited by: Young , M. and Schuller , T. 198 – 226 . London : Routledge .
- Adler , J. 1989 . Origins of sightseeing . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 : 7 – 29 .
- Bacon , W. 1996 . “ Multisensory landscape aesthetics ” . In Nature and the human spirit toward and expanded land management ethic , Edited by: Driver , B. L. , Dustin , D. , Baltic , T. , Elsner , G. and Peterson , G. 312 – 319 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing Limited .
- Ballantine , J. and Eagles , P. 1994 . Defining Canadian ecotourists . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 2 ( 4 ) : 210 – 214 .
- Bandara , R. and Tisdell , C. 2003 . Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: Empirical evidence . Biological Conservation , 110 ( 3 ) : 327 – 342 .
- Berger , J. 1991 . About looking , New York : Vintage Books .
- Bergson , H. 1991 . Matter and memory , New York : Zone Books .
- Bird , W. 2007 . Natural thinking: Investigating the links between the natural environment, biodiversity and mental health , Sandy, Bedfordshire, , UK : RSPB . (A Report for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds)
- Bright , A. D. , Manfredo , M. J. and Fulton , D. C. 2000 . Segmenting the public: An application of value orientations to wildlife planning in Colorado . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 28 ( 1 ) : 218 – 226 .
- Bulbeck , C. 2005 . Facing the wild: Ecotourism, conservation and animal encounters , London : Earthscan .
- Chawla , L. 2002 . “ Spots of time: Manifold ways of being in nature in childhood ” . In Children and nature , Edited by: Kahn , P. H. and Kellert , S. R. 199 – 226 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
- Chenoweth , R. E. and Gobster , P. H. 1990 . The nature and ecology of aesthetic experiences in the landscape . Landscape Journal , 9 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 .
- Cloke , P. and Perkins , H. C. 2005 . Cetacean performance and tourism in Kaikoura, New Zealand . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 23 ( 6 ) : 903 – 924 .
- Coffey , A. and Atkinson , P. 1996 . Making sense of qualitative data , London : Sage Publications .
- Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1968 . “ Towards a psychology of optimal experience ” . In Review of personality and social psychology , Edited by: Wheller , L. Vol. 2 , 13 – 36 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1990 . Flow: The psychology of optimal experience , New York : Harper & Row .
- Curtin , S. C. 2006 . Swimming with dolphins: A phenomenological exploration of tourist recollections . International Journal of Tourism Research , 8 ( 4 ) : 301 – 315 .
- Curtin , S. C. and Wilkes , K. 2005 . British wildlife tourism operators: Current issues and typologies . Current Issues in Tourism , 8 ( 6 ) : 455 – 478 .
- Curtin , S. C. and Wilkes , K. 2007 . Swimming with captive dolphins: Current debates and post-experience dissonance . International Journal of Tourism Research , 9 ( 2 ) : 131 – 146 .
- DeMares , R. and Krycka , K. 1998 . Wild animal triggered peak experiences: Transpersonal aspects . The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 30 ( 2 ) : 161 – 177 .
- Diamantis , D. 1999 . The concept of ecotourism: Evolution and trends . Current Issues in Tourism , 2 ( 2/3 ) : 93 – 122 .
- Diener , E. 1992 . Assessing subjective well being: Progress and opportunities Urbana Unpublished Paper University of Illinois
- Durkheim , E. 1968 . Elementary forms of the religious life , London : Allen and Unwin .
- Emel , J. 1995 . Are you man enough, big and bad enough? Ecofeminism and wolf eradication in the USA . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space (Special Edition: Bringing the Animals Back In) , 13 ( 6 ) : 735 – 760 .
- Eriksen , T. H. 2001 . Tyranny of the moment: Fast and flow time in the information age , London : Pluto Press .
- Foucault , M. 2001 . Madness and civilization: A history of sanity in the age of reason , London : Routledge .
- Frankl , V. E. 1962 . Man's search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Frankl , V. E. 1997 . Man's search for ultimate meaning , New York : Perseus Book Publishing .
- Franklin , A. 1999 . Animals and modern cultures: A sociology of human-animal relations in modernity , London : Sage Publications .
- Franklin , A. 2003 . Tourism: An introduction , London : Sage Publications .
- Frumkin , H. 2001 . Beyond toxicity: Human health and the natural environment . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 20 ( 3 ) : 234 – 240 .
- Fulton , D. , Manfredo , M. and Lipscomb , J. 1996 . Wildlife value orientations: A conceptual and measurement approach . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 1 ( 2 ) : 24 – 47 .
- Geertz , C. 1973 . The interpretation of cultures , New York : Basil Books .
- Gell , A. 1992 . The anthropology of time , Oxford, , UK : Berg Publishers Limited .
- Hammersley , M. and Atkinson , P. 1983 . Ethnography: Principles in practice , London : Routledge .
- Hawking , S. 1988 . A short history of time , London : Bantam .
- Hull , R. 1992 . Brief encounters with urban forests produce moods that matter . Journal of Arboriculture , 18 ( 6 ) : 322 – 324 .
- Inglehart , R. and Baker , W. E. 2000 . Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values . American Sociological Review , 65 : 19 – 51 .
- Ingold , T. 1988 . What is an animal? , Edited by: Ingold , T. London : Unwin Hyman Ltd .
- Ingold , T. 1994 . “ From trust to domination: An alternative history of human-animal relations ” . In Animals and human society , Edited by: Manning , A. and Serpell , J. 1 – 22 . New York : Routledge .
- Kaplan , S. 1993 . “ The role of natural environment aesthetics in the restorative experience ” . In Managing urban and high-use recreational settings , Edited by: Gobster , P. 46 – 49 . Chicago : USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station . (General Technical Report NC-163)
- Kaplan , R. and Kaplan , S. 1989 . The experience of nature: A psychological perspective , New York : Cambridge Press .
- Kellert , S. R. and Wilson , E. O. 1993 . The biophilia hypothesis , Edited by: Kellert , S. R. and Wilson , E. O. Washington, DC : Island Press .
- Keltner , D. and Haidt , J. 2003 . Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual and aesthetic emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 17 ( 2 ) : 297 – 314 .
- Krippendorf , J. 1987 . The holiday makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel , Oxford, , UK : Butterworth Heinemann .
- Laski , M. 1968 . Ecstasy: A study of some secular and religious experiences , New York : Greenwood Press .
- Lefebvre , H. 1991 . The production of space , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell .
- Mabey , R. 2003 . Shallow wildlife documentaries and sentimental nature writing . The Guardian, Features and Reviews , March 15 : 4
- Mabey , R. 2006 . A brush with nature . BBC Wildlife Magazine , 24 ( 9 ) September
- Macnaghten , P. and Urry , J. 1998 . Contested natures , London : Sage Publications .
- Macy , J. 1993 . World as lover, world as self , London : Rider .
- Manfredo , M. J. and Dayer , A. A. 2004 . Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human-wildlife conflict in a global context . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 9 ( 4 ) : 317 – 328 .
- Manfredo , M. J. , Teel , T. L. and Bright , A. D. 2003 . Why are public attitudes toward wildlife changing? . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 8 ( 4 ) : 287 – 306 .
- Mannell , R. 1996 . “ Approaches in the social and behavioural sciences to the systematic study of hard-to-define human values and experiences ” . In Nature and the human spirit. Toward and expanded land management ethic , Edited by: Driver , B. L. , Dustin , D. , Baltic , T. , Elsner , G. and Peterson , G. 406 – 415 . State College, , PA : Venture Publishing Limited .
- Mannell , R. 1980 . “ Social psychological techniques and strategies for studying leisure experiences ” . In Social psychological perspectives on leisure and recreation , Edited by: Iso-Ahola , S. 62 – 68 . Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
- Mannell , R. , Zuzanek , J. and Larson , R. 1988 . Leisure states and ‘flow’ experiences: Testing perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation hypotheses . Journal of Leisure Studies , 20 ( 4 ) : 289 – 304 .
- Maslow , A. 1968 . Toward a psychology of being , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
- McDonald , B. and Schreyer , R. 1991 . “ Spiritual benefits of leisure participation and leisure settings ” . In Benefits of leisure , Edited by: Driver , B. , Brown , P. and Peterson , G. 179 – 194 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing Inc .
- McTaggart , J. 1927 . The nature of existence , Vol. 2 , Cambridge University Press . Book 5
- Melson , G. F. 2001 . Why the wild things are: Animals in the lives of children , Cambridge, M.A : Harvard University Press .
- Modelmog , I. 1998 . Nature as a promise of happiness: Farmers' wives in the area of Ammerland, Germany . Sociologia Ruralis , 38 ( 1 ) : 109 – 122 .
- Montag , J. M. , Patterson , M. E. and Freimund , W. A. 2005 . The wolf viewing experience in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 10 ( 4 ) : 273 – 284 .
- Moustakas , C. 1994 . Phenomenological research methods , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Norretranders , T. 1998 . The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size , New York : Viking .
- Page , S. J. and Dowling , R. K. 2002 . Ecotourism , Harlow, , UK : Prentice Hall .
- Patton , M. Q. 1990 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 2 , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
- Pretty , J. 2004 . How nature contributes to mental and physical health . Spirituality and Health International , 5 ( 2 ) : 68 – 78 .
- Price , J. 1999 . Flight maps: Adventures with nature in modern America , New York : Basic Books .
- Priest , S. and Bunting , C. 1993 . Changes in perceived risk and competence during white-water canoeing . Journal of Applied Recreation Research , 18 ( 4 ) : 265 – 280 .
- Reynolds , P. C. and Braithwaite , D. 2001 . Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism . Tourism Management , 22 ( 1 ) : 31 – 42 .
- Rolston , H. 1987 . “ Beauty and the beast: Aesthetic experience of wildlife ” . In Valuing wildlife: Economic and social perspectives , Edited by: Decker , D. J. and Goff , G. R. 187 – 196 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
- Rubins , H. J. and Rubins , I. S. 1995 . Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data , London : Sage Publications .
- Schroeder , H. 1996 . “ Psyche, nature and mystery: Some psychological perspectives on the values of natural environments ” . In Nature and the human spirit toward and expanded land management ethic , Edited by: Driver , B. L. , Dustin , D. , Baltic , T. , Elsner , G. and Peterson , G. 81 – 95 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing Limited .
- Shackley , M. 2001 . Flagship species: Case studies in wildlife tourism management , Burlington, VT : The International Ecotourism Society .
- Stebbins , R. A. 2007 . Serious leisure: A perspective for our time , New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
- Steiner , C. J. and Reisinger , Y. 2006 . Ringing the fourfold: A philosophical framework for thinking about wellness tourism . Tourism Recreation Research , 31 ( 1 ) : 5 – 14 .
- St Leger , L. 2003 . Health and nature – new challenges for health promotion . Health Promotion International , 18 ( 3 ) : 173 – 175 .
- Tapper , R. L. 1988 . “ Animality, humanity, morality and society ” . In What is an animal? , Edited by: Ingold , T. 47 – 62 . London : Unwin Hyman Ltd .
- Teel , T. L. , Bright , A. D. and Manfredo , M. J. 2003 . Regional results from the pilot phase of the research project entitled ‘Wildlife Values in the West’ , Fort Collins, CO : Colorado State University, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit . (Project Report No. 55)
- Thrift , N. 2000 . Still life in nearly present time: The object of nature . Body & Society , 6 ( 3–4 ) : 34 – 57 .
- Tremblay , P. 2002 . Tourism wildlife icons: Attractions of marketing symbols? . Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management , 9 ( 2 ) : 164 – 180 .
- UNEP . 2006 . Wildlife watching and tourism: A study on the benefits and risks of a fast growing tourism activity and its impact on species , Bonn, , Germany : UNEP/CMS Convention of Migratory Species and TUI . Retrieved June 21, 2009, from http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/CMS_WildlifeWatching.pdf
- Urry , J. 1990 . The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary society , London : Sage .
- Vining , J. 2003 . The connection to other animals and caring for nature . Human Ecology Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
- Wallace , A. 1993 . Walking, literature and English culture , Oxford, , UK : Clarendon Press .
- Wang , N. 1999 . Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience . Annals of Tourism Research , 26 ( 2 ) : 349 – 370 .
- Weber , M. 1930 . The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism , London : Unwin .
- Wight , P. 2001 . “ Ecotourists: Not a homogeneous market segment ” . In The encyclopedia of ecotourism , Edited by: Weaver , D. B. 37 – 62 . Wallingford : CABI Publishing .
- Wilson , E. O. 1984 . Biophilia , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .