Continence, incontinence and the aging male

References

• Thom D H, Haan M N, van den Eeden S K. Medically recognized urinary incontinence and risks of hospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality. Age Ageing 1997; 26: 367–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incontinence: causes, management and provision of services. Royal College of Physicians of London, London 1995
   Google Scholar
• Resnick N M, Elbadawi A, Yalla S V. Age and the lower urinary tract: what is normal?. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 577–9
   Google Scholar
• Malone-Lee J G, Wahedna I. Characterisation of detrusor contractile function in relation to old age. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 873–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonde H V, Sejr D, Erdmann L, et al. Residual urine in 75 year old men and women. A normative population study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1996; 30: 89–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilpin S A, Gosling J A, Barnard R J. Morphological and morphometric studies of the human obstructed trabeculated urinary bladder. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 525–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosling J A, Gilpin S A, Dixon J S, Gilpin C J. Decrease in the autonomic innervation of human detrusor muscle in outflow obstruction. J Urol 1986; 136: 501–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortivo R, Pagano F, Passerini G, Abatangelo G, Castellani I. Elastin and collagen in the normal and obstructed urinary bladder. Br J Urol 1981; 53: 134–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holm N R, Horn T, Hald T. Detrusor in ageing and obstruction. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1995; 29: 45–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilpin S A, Gilpin C J, Dixon J S, Gosling J A, Kirby R S. The effect of age on the autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder. Br J Urol 1986; 58: 378–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lepor H, Sunaryadi I, Hartanto V, Shapiro E. Quantitative morphometry of the adult human bladder. J Urol 1992; 148: 414–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockett A TK, Khoury S, Aso Y, Denis L, Griffiths K, Murphy J. The effects of obstruction and ageing on the function of the lower urinary tract. Presented at the 2nd International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
   Google Scholar
• Abrams P H, Farrar D J, Turner-Warwick R, Whiteside C G, Fenely R CL. The results of prostatectomy: a symptomatic and urodynamic analysis of 152 patients. J Urol 1979; 121: 640–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams P H, Blaivas J G, Stanton S L, et al. Standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn 1988; 7: 403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson A S, Griffiths C J, Ramsden P D, Neal D E. Bladder function in healthy volunteers: ambulatory monitoring and conventional urodynamic studies. Br J Urol 1994; 73: 242–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abrams P H. Bladder instability: concept, clinical associations and treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1984, (Suppl 87): 7–12
   Google Scholar
• Abrams P, Kleumark B. Frequency volume charts: an indispensable part of lower urinary tract assessment. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1996; 179((Suppl))47–53
   Google Scholar
• Cardozo L D, Stanton S L. An objective comparison of the effects of parenterally administered drug in patients suffering from detrusor instability. J Urol 1979; 122: 58–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blaivas J G, Labib K B, Michalik J, Zayed A AH. Cystometric response to propantheline in detrusor hyperreflexia: therapeutic implications. J Urol 1980; 124: 259–62
   Google Scholar
• Zorzitto M L, Jewett M AS, Fernie G R, Holliday P J, Bartlett S. Effectiveness of propantheline bromide in the treatment of geriatric patients with detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1986; 5: 133–40
   Google Scholar
• Jonas U, Hofner K, Madersbacher H, Holmdahl T H. Efficacy and safety of two doses of tolterodine versus placebo in patients with detrusor overactivity and symptoms of frequency, urge incontinence and urgency: urodynamic evaluation. World J Urol 1997; 15: 144–51, The International Study Group [published erratum appears in World J Urol 1997 15 210]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto K, Ohnishi N, Esa A, Sugiyama T, Park Y-C, Kurita T. Clinical efficacy of Oxybutynin on sensory urgency as compared with motor urgency. Urologia Int 1999; 62: 12–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardozo L D, Cooper D, Versi E. Oxybutynin chloride in the management of idiopathic detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1987; 6: 256–7
   Google Scholar
• Moisey C U, Stephenson T P, Brendler C B. The urodynamic and subjective results of treatment of detrusor instability with oxybutynin chloride. Br J Urol 1980; 52: 472–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malone-Lee J G, Lubel D, Szonyi G. Low dose oxybutynin for the unstable bladder. Br Med J 1992; 304: 1053
   Google Scholar
• Kelleher C J, Cardozo L D, Khullar V, Salvatore S. A medium-term analysis of the subjective efficacy of treatment for women with detrusor instability and low bladder. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 988–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ouslander J G, Schnelle J F, Uman G, et al. Does oxybutynin add to the effectiveness of prompted voiding for urinary incontinence among nursing home residents? A placebo controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 610–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birns J, Malone-Lee J G. Controlled release oxybutynin maintains efficacy with a 43% eduction in side effects compared with conventional oxybutynin treatment. Neurourol Urodyn 1997; 16: 429–30
   Google Scholar
• Collas D, Malone-Lee J G. The pharmacokinetic properties of rectal oxybutynin — a possible alternative to intravesical administration. Neurourol Urodyn 1997; 16: 638–40
   Google Scholar
• Winkler H A, Sand P K. Treatment of detrusor instability with oxybutynin rectal suppositories. Int Urogynecol J 1998; 17: 100–2
   Google Scholar
• Nilvebrandt L, Hallen B, Larsson G. Tolterodine —a new bladder selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 327: 195–207
   Google Scholar
• Nilvebrandt L, Gillberg P G, Sparf B. Antimuscarinic potency and bladder selectivity of PNU- 200577, a major metabolite of tolterodine. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 81: 169–72
   Google Scholar
• Abrams P, Freeman R, Anderstrom C, Mattiasson A. Tolterodine, a new antimuscarinic agent: as effective but better tolerated than oxybutynin in patients with an overactive bladder. Br J Urol 1998; 81: 801–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millard R, Tuttle J, Moore K, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to placebo in detrusor overactivity. J Urol 1999; 161: 1551–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone-Lee J G, Walsh B, Mangourd M F, the Tolterodine Elderly Study Group. The safety and clinical efficacy of two doses of tolterodine compared to placebo in elderly patients. Proceedings of the International Continence Society. 1997, abstr A188
   Google Scholar
• Diokno A C, Hyndman C W, Hardy D A, Lapides J. Comparison of action of imipramine (Tofranil) and propantheline (Propanthine) on detrusor contraction. J Urol 1972; 107: 42–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleden C M, Duffin H M, Gulati R S. Double blind study of imipramine and placebo for incontinence due to bladder instability. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 299–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lose G, Jorgensen L, Thunedborg P. Doxepin in the treatment of female detrusor overactivity: a randomised double blind cross over study. J Urol. 1989; 142: 1024–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohrer M, Madersbacher H, Richter R, Wehnert J, Dreikorn K. Efficacy and safety of propiverine in SCI-patients suffering from detrusor hyperreflexia — a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Spinal Cord 1999; 37: 196–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madersbacher H, Halaska M, Voigt R, Alloussi S, Hofner K A. A placebo-controlled, multicentre study comparing the tolerability and efficacy of propiverine and oxybutynin in patients with urgency and urge incontinence. Br J Urol 1999; 84: 646–51
   Google Scholar
• Halaska M, Dorschner W, Frank M. Treatment of urgency and incontinence in elderly patients with propiverine hydrochloride. Neurourol Urodyn 1994; 13: 428–30
   Google Scholar
• Guarneri L, Robinson E, Testar R. A review of flavoxate: pharmacology and mechanism of action. Drugs Today 1994; 30: 91–8
   Google Scholar
• Chapple C R, Parkhouse H, Gardener C, Milroy E JG. Double blind, placebo controlled cross over study of flavoxate in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 491–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahm T L, Ostri P, Kristensen J K, Walters S, et al. Flavoxate treatment of micturition disorders accompanying benign prostatic hypertrophy: a double blind, placebo controlled multi centre investigation. Urol Int 1995; 55: 205–8
   Google Scholar
• Stanton S L. A comparison of emepronium bromide and flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of urinary incontinence. J Urol 1973; 110: 529–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani R, Scalambrino S, Milia R, et al. Double blind cross-over comparison of flavoxate and oxybutynin in women affected by urinary urge syndrome. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 3–8
   Google Scholar
• Jeffcoate T NA, Francis W JA. Urgency incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 94: 604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgio K, Locher J L, Goode P S, et al. Behavioural versus drug treatment for urinary urge incontinence in older women. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280: 1995–2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgio K, Locher J L, Goode P S. Combined behavioural and drug therapy for urge incontinence in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 370–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell P D. Special considerations in elderly individuals with urinary incontinence. Urology 1998; 51((Suppl 2A))20–3
   Google Scholar
• Ouslander J G, Schnelle J F, Uman G, et al. Does oxybutynin add to the effectiveness of prompted voiding for urinary incontinence among nursing home residents? A placebo controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 610–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb R J, Lawson A L, Neal D E. Clean intermittent catheterisation in 172 adults. Br J Urol 1990; 65: 20–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapple C R. Surgery for detrusor overactivity. World J Urol 1998; 16: 268–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo A, Hedlund H, Siroky M, et al. Conservative Treatments in Men. Health Publication Ltd., Plymouth, UK 1999
   Google Scholar
• Catalona W J, Basler W J. Return of erections and urinary continence following nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1987; 138: 574–8
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick J M, Gardina R A, Worth P HL. The evaluation of 68 patients with post prostatectomy incontinence. Br J Urol 1979; 51: 552–5
   Google Scholar
• Steiner M S, Morton R A, Walsh P C. Impact of anatomical radical prostatectomy on urinary incontinence. J Urol 1991; 145: S12–15
   Google Scholar
• Hammerer P, Dieringer J, Schuler J, Dietrich G, Huland H. Urodynamic parameters to predict continence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1991; 145: 292A
   Google Scholar
• Barkin M, Dolfin D, Herschorn S, Comisarow R, Fisher R. Voiding dysfunction in institutionalised elderly men: the influence of previous prostatectomy. J Urol 1983; 130: 258–9
   Google Scholar
• Thomas A W, Cannon A, Bartlett E, Ellis-Jones J, Abrams P. The natural history of voiding dysfunction in men: the long term follow up of TURP. Br J Urol 1998; 81((Suppl 4))22
   Google Scholar
• Van Kampen M, De Weerdt W, Van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Feys H, Baert L. Effect of pelvic-floor re-education on duration and degree of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 98–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgio K L, Stutzman R E, Engel B T. Behavioural training for post prostatectomy urinary incontinence. J Urol 1989; 141: 303–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsomer E J, Castille Y, Abi Aad A S, van Cangh P J. Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: is professional pelvic floor training necessary. Neurourol Urodyn 1994; 13: 382–4
   Google Scholar
• Politano V A. Transurethral polytef injection for post prostatectomy incontinence. Br J Urol 1992; 69: 26–8
   Google Scholar
• Deane A M, English P, Hehir M, Williams J P, Worth P H. Teflon injection in stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 78–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herschorn S, Radomski S, Fleschner N. Durability of the artificial sphincter in the management of urinary incontinence. J Urol 1996; 155: 456A
   Google Scholar
• Asplund R, Aberg H. Diurnal variation in the levels of antidiuretic hormone in the elderly. J Intern Med 1993; 229: 131
   Google Scholar
• Hilton P, Stanton S L. The use of Desmopressin (DDAVP) in nocturnal frequency in the female. Br J Urol 1982; 54: 252–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynard J. A novel therapy for nocturnal polyuria: a double-blind randomized trial of furosemide against placebo. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 215–18
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell P D, Beck C, Walls R C. Serial incontinence assessment in elderly inpatient men. J Rehab Res Dev 1990; 27: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Asphind R, Sundberg B, Bergtsson P. Oral desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in elderly subjects: a double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized explanatory study. Br J Urol Int 1999; 83: 591–5
   Google Scholar
• Hirasing R A, van Leerdam F JM, Bolk-Benink L, Janknegt R A. Enuresis nocturna in adults. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997; 31: 533–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrens M J, Collins C D. The urodynamic assessment of adult enuresis. Br J Urol 1975; 47: 433–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGuire E J, Savastano J A. Urodynamic studies in enuresis and the non-neurogenic, neurogenic bladder. J Urol 1984; 132: 299–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidas A, Galloway N TM, McInnes A, Chisholm G D. Neurophysiological measurements in primary adult enuretics. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 635–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szonyi G, Collas D M, Ding Y Y, Malone-Lee J G. Oxybutynin with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 287–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell P D. Special considerations in elderly individuals with urinary incontinence. Urology 1998; 51((Suppl 2A))20–3
   Google Scholar
• Appell R A. Clinical efficacy and safety of Tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis. Urology 1997; 50((Suppl 6A))90–6
   Google Scholar
• Engel B T, Burgio L D, McCormick K A, Hawkins A M, Scheve A AS, Leahy E. Behavioural treatment of incontinence in the long term care setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 361–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jilek R. Elderly toiletting: is two hourly too often?. Nursing Standard 1993; 7: 25–6
   Google Scholar
• Ouslander J G, Schnelle J F, Uman G, Fingold F, Nigam J G, Tuico E, Bates-Jensen B. Predictors of successful prompted voiding among incontinent nursing home residents. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 273: 1366–70
   Google Scholar