References
- Vermeulen A. Andropause. Maturitas 2000;34:5– 15
- Laumann E, Paik A, Rosen R. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. J Am Med Assoc 1999;281:537–44
- NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impo- tence: impotence. J Am Med Assoc 1993;270:83–90
- Rosen RC, Seidman SN, Menza MA, et al. Quality of life, mood, and sexual function: a path analytic model of treatment effects in men with erectile dysfunction and depressive symptoms. Int J Impot Res 2004;16:334–40
- Turner LA, Althof SE, Levine SB, et al. Self- injection of papaverine and phentolamine in the treatment of psychogenic impotence. J Sex Marital Ther 1989;15:163–76
- Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinlay JB. Impotence and its medical and physiological correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994; 151:54–61
- Shabsigh R. Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunc- tion: the role of testosterone therapy. Int J Impot Res 2003;15(Suppl 4):S9–13
- Morley J. Impotence. Am J Med 1986;80:897–906
- Mills T, Wiedmeier V, Stopper V. Androgen maintenance of erectile function in the rat penis. Biol Reprod 1992;46:342–8
- Mills T, Stopper V, Wiedmeier V. Effects of castration and androgen replacement on the hemodynamics of penile erection in the rat. Biol Reprod 1994;51:234–8
- Shabsigh R. The effects of testosterone on the cavernous tissue and erectile function. World J Urol 1997;15:21–6
- Shabsigh R, Raymond JF, Olsson CA, O’Toole K, Buttyan R. Androgen induction of DNA synthesis in the rat penis. Urology 1998;52:723–8
- Klein LT, Miller MI, Buttyan R, et al. Apoptosis in the rat penis after penile denervation. J Urol 1997;158:626–30
- Andersson KE, Holmquist F. Regulation of tone in penile cavernous smooth muscle. Established concepts and new findings. World J Urol 1994;12:249–61
- Burnett AL. Role of nitric oxide in the physiology of erection. Biol Reprod 1995;52:485–9
- Reilly CM, Zamorano P, Stopper VS, Mills TM. Androgenic regulation of NO availability in rat penile erection. J Androl 1997;18:110–15
- Kalinchenko SY, Kozlov GI, Gontcharov NP, Katsiya GV. Oral testosterone undecanoate re- verses erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone. Aging Male 2003;6:94–9
- Reilly CM, Lewis RW, Stopper VS, Mills TM. Androgenic maintenance of the rat erectile response via a non-nitric-oxide-dependent path- way. J Androl 1997;18:588–94
- Baba K, Yajima M, Carrier S, et al. Delayed testosterone replacement restores nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibres and the erectile response in rat penis. BJU Int 2000;85:953–8
- Buvat J, Lemaire A. Endocrine screening in 1,022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy. J Urol 1997;158:1764–7
- Jain P, Rademaker A, McVary K. Testosterone supplementation for erectile dysfunction: results of a meta-analysis. J Urol 2000;164:371–5
- Arver S, Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Allen RP, Sanders SW, Mazer NA. Improvement of sexual function in testosterone deficient men treated for 1 year with a permeation enhanced testosterone transdermal system. J Urol 1996;155:1604–8
- Findlay J, Place V, Snyder P. Treatment of primary hypogonadism in men by the transdermal administration of testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:369–73
- Bals-Pratsch M, Knuth UA, Yoon YD, Nieschlag E. Transdermal testosterone substitution therapy for male hypogonadism. Lancet 1986;2:943–6
- Korenman SG, Viosca S, Garza D, et al. Androgen therapy of hypogonadal men with transscrotal testosterone systems. Am J Med 1987;83:471–8
- Ahmed SR, Boucher AE, Manni A, Santen RJ, Bartholomew M, Demers LM. Transdermal testosterone therapy in the treatment of male hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:546–51
- Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S, Sanders SW, Caramelli KE, Mazer NA. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone en- anthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3469–78
- Meikle AW, Arver S, Dobs AS, Sanders SW, Rajaram L, Mazer NA. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a permeation-enhanced testoster- one transdermal system in hypogonadal men: influence of application site – a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1832–40
- Parker S, Armitage M. Experience with transder- mal testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;50:57–62
- Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Cunningham G, et al. Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal tes- tosterone gel in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4500–10
- Wang C, Swedloff RS, Iranmanesh A, et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. Testosterone Gel Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2839–53
- Wang C, Berman N, Longstreth JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men: application of gel at one site vs four sites: a General Clinical Research Center Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:964–9
- Shabsigh R, Kaufman J, Steidle J, Padma-Nathan H. Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone. J Urol 2004;172:658– 63
- Aversa A, Isidori AM, Spera G, Lenzi A, Fabbri A. Androgens improve cavernous vasodilation and response to sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:632–8