References
- Muller M, den Tonkelaar I, Thijssen JH, et al. Endogenous sex hormones in men aged 40–80 years. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(6):583–589.
- Iwamoto T, Yanase T, Koh E, et al. Reference ranges of total serum and free testosterone in Japanese male adults. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 2004;95(6):751–760.
- Corona G, Goulis DG, Huhtaniemi I, et al. European Academy of Andrology (EAA) guidelines on investigation, treatment and monitoring of functional hypogonadism in males: endorsing organization: European Society of Endocrinology. Andrology. 2020;8(5):970–987.
- Blaya R, Thomaz LD, Guilhermano F, et al. Total testosterone levels are correlated to metabolic syndrome components. Aging Male. 2016;19(2):85–89.
- Grosman H, Rosales M, Fabre B, et al. Association between testosterone levels and the metabolic syndrome in adult men. Aging Male. 2014;17(3):161–165.
- Grossmann M, Ng Tang Fui M, Cheung AS. Late-onset hypogonadism: metabolic impact. Andrology. 2020;8(6):1519–1529.
- Tsujimura A, Miyagawa Y, Takezawa K, et al. Is low testosterone concentration a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in healthy middle-aged men? Urology. 2013;82(4):814–819.
- Akishita M, Hashimoto M, Ohike Y, et al. Low testosterone level as a predictor of cardiovascular events in Japanese men with coronary risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2010;210(1):232–236.
- Liao PW, Wu CC, Chen KC, et al. Testosterone threshold for increased cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men: a locally weighted regression analysis. J Sex Med. 2016;13(12):1872–1880.
- Li L, Guo CY, Jia EZ, et al. Testosterone is negatively associated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in men. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(6):875–878.
- Pye SR, Huhtaniemi IT, Finn JD, et al. Late-onset hypogonadism and mortality in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(4):1357–1366.
- American Association of Dental Examiners. Committee to Develop Guidelines on Sexual Boundaries. American Association of Dental Examiners guidelines on unprofessional conduct involving sexual boundary violations: the report of the AADE Committee to Develop Guidelines on Sexual Boundaries. Chicago (IL): American Association of Dental Examiners; 2007.
- Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206–1252.
- Teramoto T, Sasaki J, Ueshima H, et al. Diagnostic criteria for dyslipidemia. Executive summary of Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guideline for diagnosis and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases for Japanese. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007;14(4):155–158.
- Hyde Z, Norman PE, Flicker L, et al. Low free testosterone predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease but not other causes: the Health in Men Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):179–189.
- Jones TH, Kelly DM. Randomized controlled trials – mechanistic studies of testosterone and the cardiovascular system. Asian J Androl. 2018;20(2):120–130.
- Ohlsson C, Barrett-Connor E, Bhasin S, et al. High serum testosterone is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events in elderly men. The MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) study in Sweden. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(16):1674–1681.
- Yeap BB, Hyde Z, Almeida OP, et al. Lower testosterone levels predict incident stroke and transient ischemic attack in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(7):2353–2359.
- Oni OA, Dehkordi SHH, Jazayeri MA, et al. Relation of testosterone normalization to mortality and myocardial infarction in men with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(8):1171–1178.
- Arnlöv J, Pencina MJ, Amin S, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and cardiovascular disease incidence in men. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(3):176–184.
- Tsai EC, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL, et al. Low serum testosterone level as a predictor of increased visceral fat in Japanese-American men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(4):485–491.
- Yeap BB, Chubb SA, Hyde Z, et al. Lower serum testosterone is independently associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetic older men: the Health In Men Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(4):591–598.
- Mäkinen JI, Perheentupa A, Irjala K, et al. Endogenous testosterone and serum lipids in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197(2):688–693.
- Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, et al. Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1036–1041.
- Haider A, Yassin A, Haider KS, et al. Men with testosterone deficiency and a history of cardiovascular diseases benefit from long-term testosterone therapy: observational, real-life data from a registry study. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2016;12:251–261.
- O'Connor EK, Ivey JR, Bowles DK. Differential effects of androgens on coronary blood flow regulation and arteriolar diameter in intact and castrated swine. Biol Sex Differ. 2012;3(1):10.
- Jones RD, English KM, Jones TH, et al. Testosterone-induced coronary vasodilatation occurs via a non-genomic mechanism: evidence of a direct calcium antagonism action. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004;107(2):149–158.
- Tep-Areenan P, Kendall DA, Randall MD. Testosterone-induced vasorelaxation in the rat mesenteric arterial bed is mediated predominantly via potassium channels. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;135(3):735–740.
- Rettew JA, Huet-Hudson YM, Marriott I. Testosterone reduces macrophage expression in the mouse of toll-like receptor 4, a trigger for inflammation and innate immunity. Biol Reprod. 2008;78(3):432–437.
- Shigehara K, Konaka H, Ijima M, et al. The correlation between highly sensitive C-reactive protein levels and erectile function among men with late-onset hypogonadism. Aging Male. 2016;19(4):239–243.
- Traish AM, Haider A, Doros G, et al. Long-term testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men ameliorates elements of the metabolic syndrome: an observational, long-term registry study. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(3):314–329.
- Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(2):423–432.
- Hackett G, Kirby M, Edwards D, et al. British Society for sexual medicine guidelines on adult testosterone deficiency, with statements for UK practice. J Sex Med. 2017;14(12):1504–1523.
- Taya M, Koh E, Izumi K, et al. Comparison of testosterone fractions between Framingham Heart Study participants and Japanese participants. Int J Urol. 2014;21(7):689–695.