- Nagaraj , D R . 'Ethics and aesthetics of representation of violence' . Indo-French Colloquium on Representations and Uses of the Sense of Belonging . 2 November-December , Delhi : Centre for the Study of Developing Societies .
- Schama , S . 1995 . Landscape and Memory , New York : Harper Collins .
- Mehta , Suketu . 1998 . 'Partition' . Communalism Combat , 420 April : 8 – 12 . 12
- Khan , Mehboob . 1957 . Mother India , Bombay : Mehboob Khan .
- Nandy , Ashis . 1997 . Too painful for words?' . The Times of India , 20 July
- Pandey , Gyanendra . 1997 . 'Partition and independence at Delhi: 1947-48' . Economic and Political Weekly , 32 (36) 6 September : 2261 – 2272 . 2262
- Khan , Nighat Said . 1994 . “ 'Identity, violence and women: a reflection on the Partition of India 1947' ” . In Locating the Self Nighat Said Khan , Edited by: Saigol , Rubina and Zia , Afiya Shehrbano . 157 – 178 . 158 – 159 . Lahore : ASR .
- Rizvi , Gowher . 4 August 1997 . “ 'Constitutionalism: the experience of Bangladesh' ” . 4 August , Colombo : India International Centre organised by the Law and Society Trust . Lecture at the
- Chadha , Moni . 1997 . 'Partition: a surgery sans anaesthesia' . The Hindustan Times , 31 August
- Mr Chadha does not even care to read the reports of the government he has served. On the basis of the evidence of nearly 15,000 witnesses, given before the Fact Finding Organisation set up by the Government of India, Justice G. D. Khosla notes the evacuation of almost the entire Muslim population of East Punjab and concludes that the loss of Muslim life was not less than the loss of non-Muslim life. G D Khosla, Stern Reckoning: A Survey of the Events Leading up to and Following the Partition of India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1949, especially Ch 7.
- Khosla . Stern Reckoning 289
- Khan . “ 'Identity, violence and women' ” . 157
- Bergmann , Martin S. and Jucovy , Milton E. , eds. 1982 . Generations of the Holocaust , 5 – 6 . New York : Columbia University Press . Meenakshi Verma, Interview with Rajinder Kaur February 1997. The interviewee adds: 'By the grace of Vahe Guru, we are quite comfortable … and do not need anything. The misfortune did not happen just to me and my family. Millions of people and families have been devastated … Why I do not want to speak about partition? The reason is that the murderers could not be caught, nor were they punished. People who killed and looted were strangers. No one could have recognised them. When you do not know the murderers, why this complaint or lamentation?' Cf. the remarks of a Hebrew writer who survived the Nazi concentration camps: 'After liberation the one desire was to sleep, to forget and to be reborn. At first there was a wish to talk incessantly about one's experiences; this gave way to silence, but learning to be silent was not easy. When the past was no longer talked about, it became unreal, a figment of one's imagination.' Aharon appelfeld, quoted in
- Behn , Jeet , Mehra , Sunil , Pajiar , Prashant , Abbas , Azhar , Zaidi , Mazhar , Mahmood , Arshad , Biswas , Soutik and Sen , Pritha . 1997 . 'Sufferers and survivors' . Outlook , 28 May : 32 – 51 . 51
- Butalia , Urvashi . 1993 . 'Community, State and gender: on women's agency during Partition' . Economic and Political Weekly , 24 April : 12 – 22 .
- Kestenberg , Judith S . 'Introduction, Part III: The Persecutors' children, in Bergmann and Jucovy' . Generations of Holocaust , 161 – 166 . 162 Though survival in some cases did depend on being silent during the Partition riots, there was nothing corresponding to the silence enforced through violence and executions in the concentration camps: 'Crying or making a face when one was hit in a concentration camp was crime that would prompt immediate execution. The conspiracy of silence in survivors, persecutors, and their children has many determinants; but, no doubt, it also has as its source the taboo on telling and denial instituted by the Nazis themselves and continued to this day by the neo-Nazis.'
- Abramowitz , Henry . 1986 . 'There are no words: two Greek-Jewish survivors of Auschwitz' . Analytic Psychology , 3 (3) : 201 – 216 .
- Mehta, 'Partition'.
- Gulzar . 1997 . “ 'Raavi Paar' ” . In Raavi Paar and Other Stories , Edited by: Bhalla , Alok . 42 – 47 . New Delhi : Harper Collins .
- Keller , Stephen . 1975 . Uprooting and Social Change: The Role of Refugees in Development , Delhi : Manohar .
- Goldhagen , Daniel Jonah . 1996 . Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust , New York : Knopf .
- Alford , C Fred . 1997 . 'Hitler's willing executioners: what does "willing" mean' . Theory and Society , 26 (5) October : 719 – 738 . For a critique of Goldhagen from a point of view not incompitable with that of this paper, see
- Moses , A D . 1998 . 'Structure and agency in the Holocaust: Daniel J. Goldhagen and his critics' . History and Theory , 37 (2) : 194 – 219 . For an excellent, systematic, empirical assessment of this issue, see
- Lifton , Robert J and Markusen , Erik . 1990 . The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat , 98 New York : Basic Books .
- Lifton , Robert J . 1986 . Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide , New York : Basic Books . This issue has been empirically explored in
- Bauman , Zigmunt . 1991 . Modernity and the Holocaust , Ithaca : Cornell University . The classic statement of this position is of course Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem Harmondsworth Penguin, 1965; for a more recent exploration, see
- Bettelheim , Bruno . 1979 . Surviving and Other Essays , New York : Alfred A Knopf .
- Khan . “ 'Identity, violence and women' ” . 165
- Das , Veena . 1995 . Critical Events: An Anthropological Perspective on Contemporary India New Delhi , Oxford University Press . For detailed work in this area see, ch 3
- Das , Veena and Nandy , Ashis . 1986 . “ 'Violence, victimhood and the language of silence' ” . In The Word and the World: Fantasy, Symbol and Record , Edited by: Das , Veena . 177 – 196 . New Delhi : Sage .
- Jeet Behn, in Mehra and Pajiar, 'Sufferers and survivors', p 51.
- Pandey , Gyanendra . 1995 . “ 'Partition history and the making of nations' ” . 10 Delhi : Department of History, Delhi University . Letter to a relative from a subaltern in the Punjab Regiment, quoted in, unpublished manuscript
- Khan . “ 'Identity, violence and women' ” . 167
- Nandy , Ashis . 1988 . The politics of secularism; recovery of religious tolerance . Alternatives , 13 (3) On the dominant political culture of communal violence, see
- 1997 . 'The twilight of certitudes' . Alternatives , 22 (1) : 177 – 194 .
- Rao , C V Subba . Seminar on the Profile of Communal Violence in India . Centre for the Study of Developing Societies .
- Tambiah , Stanley J . 1997 . Obliterating the "Other" in former Yugoslavia' . Nethra , 1 (2) January-March : 7 – 35 . Among the survivors who escaped to India almost all the cases of such mass suicide involved Sikhs. And Khan in 'Identity, violence and women' mentions similar instances of self-destruction among Muslims escaping India. This may have something to do with the complex, close relationship and intertwined self-definition of Sikhs and Muslims in Punjab. These intertwined self-definitions often go with extreme fears of losing identity. There are clues to this complex relationship in JPS Uberoi, Religion, Civil Society and the State: A Study of Sikhism Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996. Also relevant to this issue is
- Obeyesekere . 1993 . “ 'Dutthagamani and the Buddhist conscience' ” . In Religion and Political Conflict in South Asia , Edited by: Allen , Douglas . 135 – 160 . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . The same issue emerges in other forms in
- Volkan , Vamik D . 1988 . The Need to Have Enemies and Allies , New York : Jason Aronson . We shall return to this subject
- Nandy , Ashis . 1995 . 'Coping with the politics of faiths and cultures: between secular State and ecumenical traditions in India' . Presented at the meeting of the Culture and Identity Project of the International Centre for Ethnic Studies . July 8-9 1995 , Colombo.
- Mayaram , Shail . 1997 . Resisting Regimes: Memory and the Shaping of a Muslim Identity , New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
- Pandey . “ 'Partition and independence' ” . 2271
- Bose , Nirmal Kumar . 1953 . My Days with Gandhi , 33 Calcutta : Nishana .
- Prakash , Jagdish . 1997 . 'End of Innocence', in 'Train From Pakistan' . The Pioneer , 26 January
- Mukhopadhyaya , Anindita . 1997 . 'The humane face' . The Hindu , 31 August
- Fogelman , Eva . 1996 . “ 'Victims, perpetrators, bystanders, and rescuers in the face of genocide and its aftermath ” . In Genocide. War and Human Survival , Edited by: Strozier , Charles B and Flynn , Michael . 87 – 98 . 91 – 92 . New York : Rowman and Littlefield .
- Verma , Meenakshi . 1997 . The survivor's story' . The Hindu , 24 August
- Ibid.
- Mukhopadhyaya , Anindita . 1997 . 'The last journey' . The Hindu , 31 August
- Ibid.
- B L Sharma Prem, in Mehra and Pajiar, 'Sufferers and survivors', pp 38-39. Prem has recently, presumably out of disgust, converted to Sikhism.
- Tambiah , Stanley J . “ Obliterating the "Other" in former Yugoslavia' ” . 7 – 8 .
- Nandy , Ashis , Trivedy , Shikha , Yagnik , Achyut and Mayaram , Shail . 1995 . Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self , New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
- Ibid.
- FaIk , Avner . 1989 . “ 'Border symbolism revisted' ” . In Maps from the Mind: Reading Psychogeography , Edited by: Stein , Howard F and Neiderland , William G . 151 – 160 . 157 London : University of Oklahama .
- Pandey, 'Partition, history and the making of nations'.
- Singh , Suresh . 1994 . The People of India New Delhi , vol 1 , Oxford University Press . Such figures seem strange to only those unacquainted with Asian realities. Japanese census data tell us that in Japan the total number of people owing allegiance to different faiths exceeds the total population, mainly because many who claim to be Shinto also claim to be Buddhist. It might be fairly safe to presume that whatever kinds of violence Japan may suffer from Shinto-Buddhist strife will not be one of them. But few countries are as successful as Japan. What is seen as a charming aberration in Japan's case enjoys no status or legitimacy among the South Asian élite
- Jeet Behm, in Mehra and Pajiar, 'Sufferers and survivors'.
- Manto , Saadat Hassan . 1997 . “ 'Cold meat' ” . In Partition Stories , Edited by: Bhalla , Alok . 91 – 96 . New Delhi : Harper Collins . Going to the city as part of a rural mob to rob and kilt in the city was not rare. Pandey talks about it in his 'Partition and independence', p 2264. So do a number of others. It is also a key imagery in a famous short story,
- Dasgupta , Chidananda . 1991 . The Painted Face: Studies in India's Popular Cinema , 13 New Delhi : RoIi Books .
- Chakrabarty , Dipesh . 1996 . 'Remembered villages: representation of Hindu-Bengali memories in the aftermath of the Partition' . Economic and Political Weekly , 10 August : 2143 – 2151 . and Pandey, 'Partition and independence'
- Khan . “ 'Identity, violence and women' ” . 158 – 159 . This could be more true of refugees who came to India than of those who went to Pakistan. For the latter, the term watan, homeland, is double-edged--'the watan is in India but is not India.
- Pandey . “ 'Partition and independence' ” . 2266
- Ibid, p 2264.
- Ibid.
- Simeon , Dilip . 1997 . 'The futility of commonsense: an essay on Ahimsa' . The Eye , 5 (I) October-December : 15 – 23 . 20
- 1995 . 'History's forgotten doubles' . History and Theory ,
- 1997 . 'Romance in the days of Partition' . The Statesman , 6 August
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
Postcolonial Studies
Volume 2, 1999 - Issue 3