Race, social support, and coping strategies among HIV‐positive gay and bisexual men

References

• Antoni , M. H. , Esterling , B. A. , Lutgendorf , S. , Fletcher , M. and Schneiderman , N. 1995 . “ Psychosocial stressors, herpesvirus reactivation and HIV‐1 infection. ” . In Chronic Diseases: Perspectives in Behavioral Medicine, , Edited by: Stein , M and Baum , A (eds.) . pp. 135 – 168 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum . In
   Google Scholar
• Billingsley , A. 1992 . Climbing Jacob's Ladder: The Enduring Legacy of African American Families. , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Bourjolly , J. N. 1998 . Differences in religiousness among Black and White women with breast cancer. . Social Work in Health Care , 28 : 21 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantley , P. J. , O'Hea , E. L. , Jones , G. and Mehan , D. J. 2002 . The influence of income level and ethnicity on coping strategies. . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment , 24 : 39 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. R. and Sankar , A. 1998 . HIV/AIDS and aging minority populations. . Research in Aging , 20 : 865 – 884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. , Scheier , M. F. and Weinbraub , J. K. 1989 . Assessing coping strategies: A theoretical based approach. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 267 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 1999 . HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report, vol. 5 (1). , Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. 1988 . Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. . Health Psychology , 7 : 269 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Mermelstein , R. , Kamarck , T. and Hoberman , H. M. 1985 . “ Measuring the functional components of social support. ” . In Social Support: Theory, Research, and Application, , Edited by: Sarason , I. G and Sarason , B. R (eds.) . pp. 73 – 94 . The Hague : Martinus Niijhoff . In
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Wills , T. A. 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contrada , R. J. , Ashmore , R. D. , Gary , M. L. , Coups , E. , Egeth , J. D. , Sewell , A. , Ewell , K. , Goyal , T. M. and Chasse , V. 2000 . Ethnicity‐related sources of stress and their effects on well‐being. . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 9 : 136 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , K. 1985 . Coping with the stress of medical problems among Black and White elderly. . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 21 : 39 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne , J. C. and Gottlieb , B. H. 1996 . The mismeasure of coping by checklist. . Journal of Personality , 64 : 959 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruess , S. , Antoni , M. H. , Hayes , A. , Penedo , F. , Ironson , G. , Fletcher , M. A. , Lutgendorf , S. and Schneiderman , N. 2002 . Changes in mood and depressive symptoms and related change processes during cognitive‐behavioural stress management in HIV‐infected men. . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 26 : 373 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton , H. 1989 . AIDS in blackface. . Daedalus , 118 : 205 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMarco , F. J. , Ostrow , D. G. and DiFranceisco , W. 1999 . General and AIDS‐specific stress, coping, and psychological distress in the biracial coping and change study cohort of gay men. . AIDS and Behaviour , 3 : 177 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Dewe , P. J. 1991 . Primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and coping: Their role in stressful work encounters. . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 64 : 331 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domanico , R. and Crawford , I. 2000 . Psychological distress among HIV‐impacted African American and Latino males. . Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community , 19 : 55 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunkel‐Schetter , C. , Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R. S. 1987 . Correlates of social support receipt. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 71 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleishman , J. A. and Fogel , B. 1994 . Coping and depressive symptoms among young people with AIDS. . Health Psychology , 13 : 156 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleishman , J. A. , Sherbourne , C. D. , Crystal , S. , Collins , R. L. , Marshall , G. N. , Kelly , M. , Bozzette , S. A. , Shapiro , M. F. and Hays , R. D. 2000 . Coping, conflictual social interactions, social support, and mood among HIV‐infected persons. . American Journal of Community Psychology , 28 : 421 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. , Chesney , M. A. , McKusick , L. , Ironson , G. , Johnson , D. S. and Coates , T. J. 1991 . “ Translating coping theory into an intervention. ” . In The Social Context of Coping. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping, , Edited by: Eckenrode , J (ed.) . pp. 239 – 260 . New York : Plenum . In
   Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R. S. 1988 . Manual for the Ways of Coping Questionnaire: Research Edition. , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodkin , K. , Blaney , N. T. , Feaster , D. J. , Baldewicz , T. , Burkhalter , J. E. and Leeds , B. 1999 . A randomized controlled clinical trial of a bereavement support group intervention in human immunodeficiency virus type 1‐seropositive and seronegative homosexual men. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 52 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore‐Felton , C. , Koopman , C. , Turner‐Cobb , J. M. , Duran , R. , Israelski , D. and Spiegel , D. 2002 . The influence of social support, coping, and mood on sexual risk behaviour among HIV‐positive men and women. . Journal of Health Psychology , 7 : 278 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Gottlieb , B. H. 1983 . Social support as a focus for integrative research in psychology. . American Psychologist , 38 : 278 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays , R. B. , Turner , H. and Coates , T. J. 1992 . Social support, AIDS‐related symptoms, and depression among gay men. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 60 : 463 – 469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , T. G. , Kochman , A. , Sikkema , K. J. , Kalichman , S. , Masten , J. and Goodkin , K. 2000 . Late middle‐aged and older men living with HIV/AIDS: Race differences in coping, social support, and psychological distress. . Journal of the National Medical Association , 92 : 436 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holahan , C. J. and Moos , R. H. 1994 . “ Life stressors and mental health: Advances in conceptualizing stress resistance. ” . In Stress and Mental Health: Contemporary Issues and Prospects for the Future. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping, , Edited by: Avison , W. R and Gotlib , I. H (eds.) . pp. 213 – 238 . New York : Plenum . In
   Google Scholar
• Holahan , C. J. , Moos , R. H. , Holahan , C. K. and Brennan , P. L. 1995 . Social support, coping, and depressive symptoms in a late‐middle‐aged sample of patients reporting cardiac illness. . Health Psychology , 14 : 152 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holahan , C. J. , Moos , R. H. , Holahan , C. K. and Brennan , P. L. 1997 . Social context, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms: An expanded model with cardiac patients. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 918 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icard , L. 1985 . Black gay men and conflicting social identities: Sexual orientation versus racial identity. . Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality , 4 : 83 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Ironson , G. , Schneiderman , H. , Kumar , M. and Antoni , M. H. 1994 . Psychosocial stress, endocrine, and immune response in HIV‐1 disease. . Homeostasis in Health and Disease , 35 : 137 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennamer , J. D. , Honnold , J. , Bradford , J. and Hendricks , M. 2000 . Differences in disclosure of sexuality among African American and White gay/bisexual men: Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 12 : 519 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lennon , M. C. , Martin , J. L. and Dean , L. 1990 . The influence of social support on AIDS‐related grief reaction among gay men. . Social Science and Medicine , 31 : 477 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leserman , J. , Perkins , D. O. and Evans , D. L. 1992 . Coping with the threat of AIDS: The role of social support. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 1514 – 1520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leserman , J. , Petitto , J. M. , Golden , R. N. , Gaynes , B. N. , Gu , H. , Perkins , D. O. , Silva , S. G. , Folds , J. D. and Evans , D. L. 2000 . Impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping, and cortisol on progression to AIDS. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 1221 – 1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loiacano , D. K. 1993 . “ Gay identity issues among Black Americans: Racism, homophobia, and the need for validation. ” . In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experiences, , Edited by: Garnets , L. D and Kimmel , D. C (eds.) . pp. 364 – 375 . New York : Columbia University Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Lutgendorf , S. K. , Antoni , M. H. , Ironson , G. , Starr , K. , Costello , N. , Zuckerman , M. , Klimas , N. , Fletcher , M. A. and Schneiderman , N. 1998 . Changes in cognitive coping skills and social support during cognitive behavioural stress management intervention and distress outcomes in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐seropositive gay men. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 60 : 204 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namir , S. , Wolcott , D. L. , Fawzy , F. I. and Alumbaugh , M. J. 1987 . Coping with AIDS: Psychological and health implications. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 309 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakland , S. and Ostell , A. 1996 . Measuring coping: A review and critique. . Human Relations , 49 : 133 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrow , D. G. , Whitaker , R. E. , Frasier , K. , Cohen , C. , Wan , J. , Frank , C. and Fisher , E. 1991 . Racial differences in social support and mental health in men with HIV infection: A pilot study. . AIDS Care , 3 : 55 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pakenham , K. I. , Dadds , M. R. and Terry , D. J. 1994 . Relationship between adjustment to HIV and both social support and coping. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 1194 – 1203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , J. L. , Coates , T. J. , Catania , J. A. and Hilliard , B. 1995 . Help‐seeking for AIDS high‐risk sexual behaviour among gay and bisexual African American men. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 7 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson , J. L. , Folkman , S. and Bakeman , R. 1996 . Stress, coping, HIV status, psychological resources, and depressive mood in African American gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men. . American Journal of Community Psychology , 24 : 461 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plummer , D. L. and Slane , S. 1996 . Patterns of coping in racially stressful situations. . Journal of Black Psychology , 22 : 302 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollack , L. E. , Harvin , S. and Cramer , R. D. 2000 . Coping resources of African American and White patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder. . Psychiatric Services , 51 : 1310 – 1312 .
   Google Scholar
• Prelow , H. M. , Tein , J. Y. , Roosa , M. W. and Wood , J. 2000 . Do coping styles differ across sociocultural groups? The role of measurement equivalence in making this judgment. . American Journal of Community Psychology , 28 : 225 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotheram‐Borus , M. J. , Murphy , D. A. , Reid , H. M. and Coleman , C. L. 1996 . Correlates of emotional distress among HIV+ youths: Health status, stress, and personal resources. . Annals of Behavioural Medicine , 18 : 16 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , K. , Karus , D. and Raveis , V. H. 1997 . Correlates of change in depressive sympotmatology among gay men with AIDS. . Health Psychology , 16 : 230 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , K. and Schrimshaw , E. W. 2000 . Perceiving benefits in adversity: Stress‐related growth in women living with HIV/AIDS. . Social Science and Medicine , 51 : 1543 – 1554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikkema , K. J. , Kalichman , S. C. , Hoffmann , R. , Koob , J. J. , Kelly , J. A. and Heckman , T. G. 2000 . Coping strategies and emotional well being among HIV‐infected men and women experiencing AIDS‐related bereavement. . AIDS Care , 12 : 613 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikkema , K. J. , Hansen , N. B. , Kochman , A. A. , Tate , D. C. and Difranciesco , W. Intervention for coping with AIDS‐related bereavement. The 14th International AIDS Conference, . Barcelona, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , L. A. , Rainer , K. L. , McCreary , M. L. and Gowda , K. K. 1991 . Toward a multicultural model of the stress process. . Journal of Counseling and Development , 70 : 156 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen , P. R. , Hinderliter , A. L. , Blumenthal , J. A. and Sherwood , A. 2001 . Religious coping, ethnicity, and ambulatory blood pressure. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 63 : 523 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , J. P. and Peterson , J. L. 1998 . Homophobia, self‐esteem, and risk for HIV among African American men who have sex with men. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 10 : 278 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Aspinwall , L. G. 1996 . “ Mediating and moderating processes in psychosocial stress: Appraisal, coping, resistance, and vulnerability. ” . In Psychosocial Stress: Perspectives on Structure, Theory, Life‐Course, and Methods, , Edited by: Kaplan , H. B (ed.) . pp. 71 – 110 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Thoits , P. A. 1986 . Social support as coping assistance. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 54 : 416 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits , P. A. 1995 . Identity‐relevant events and psychological symptoms: A cautionary tale. . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 36 : 72 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully , M. A. 1999 . “ Lifting our voices: African American cultural responses to trauma and loss. ” . In Honoring Differences: Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Trauma and Loss. , Edited by: Nader , K and Dubrow , N . 23 – 48 . Philadelphia : Brunner/Mazel . In
   Google Scholar
• van de Vijver , F. and Leung , K. 1997 . “ Methods and data analysis of comparative research. ” . In Handbook of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, Vol 1: Theory and Method, , Edited by: Berry , J. W , Poortinga , Y. H and Pandey , J (eds.) . pp. 257 – 300 . Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon . second edition
   Google Scholar
• Whitfield , T. L. 1997 . Young adult friendships and the relationship of social support and psychological hardiness (Doctoral dissertation, Howard University, 1997). . Dissertation Abstracts International , 57 : 5369
   Google Scholar
• Wright , J. W. 1993 . African American male sexual behaviour and the risk for HIV infection. . Human Organization , 52 : 421 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zich , J. and Temoshok , L. 1987 . Perceptions of social support in men with AIDS and ARC: Relationships with distress and hardiness. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 193 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar