Publication Cover
Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 10, 2008 - Issue 2
711
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Rwandan female genital modification: Elongation of the Labia minora and the use of local botanical species

&
Pages 191-204 | Published online: 04 Feb 2008

References

  • Addy , M. E. 2005 . Western Africa Network of Natural Products Research Scientists (WANNPRES), First Scientific Meeting August 15–20, 2004, Accra, Ghana: A report. . African Journal of Traditional, Complementary & Alternative Medicines , 2 : 177 – 205 .
  • Adebola , P. O. and Afolayan , A. J. 2006 . Germination responses of Solanum aculeastrum, a medicinal species of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. . Seed Science & Technology , 34 : 735 – 740 .
  • Adeokun , L. A. , Twa‐Twa , J. , Ssekiboobo , A. and Nalwadda , R. 1995 . Social context of HIV infection in Uganda. . Health Transition Review , 5 (Suppl.) : 1 – 26 .
  • Agnew , A. D. Q. and Agnew , S. 1994 . Upland Kenya wild flowers. A flora of the ferns and herbaceous flowering plants of upland Kenya , Nairobi : East Africa Natural History Society .
  • Amadiume , I. 2006 . Sexuality, African religio‐cultural traditions and modernity: Expanding the lens. . CODRESIA Bulletin , 1&2 : 26 – 28 . Available at: http://www.codesria.org/Links/publications/bulletin‐06/page26–28‐amadiume.pdf (accessed 11 December 2007)
  • Baker , J. R. 1974 . Race , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Beaman‐Mbaya , V. and Muhammed , S. I. 1976 . Antibiotic action of Solanum incanum Linnaeus. . Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy , 9 : 920 – 924 .
  • Baerts , M. and Lehmann , J. 1989 . Guérisseurs et plantes médicinales de la région des Crêtes Zaïre‐Nil au Burundi , Tervuren, Belgium : Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale .
  • Baerts , M. and Lehman , J. 1991 . “ Plantes médicinales vétérinaires de la région des Crêtes Zaïre‐Nil au Burundi ” . Tervuren, Belgium : Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale .
  • Bernard , H. R. 2002 . Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches , Walnut Creek : AltaMira Press . 3rd edition
  • Bossard , E. 1996 . La medicine traditionelle au centre et à l'ouest de l'Angola , Lisboa, Belgium : Instituto de investigaçao cientifica tropical .
  • Brown , J. E. and Brown , R. C. 2000 . Traditional intravaginal practices and the heterosexual transmission of disease: A review. . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 27 : 183 – 187 .
  • de Boer , H. J. , Kool , A. , Broberg , A. , Mziray , W. R. , Hedberg , I. and Levensfors , J. L. 2005 . Anti‐fungal and anti‐bacterial activity of some herbal remedies from Tanzania. . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 96 : 461 – 469 .
  • Cabello , F. 1997 . “ Female ejaculation: Myth and reality. ” . In Sexuality and human rights: Proceedings of the XIII World Congress of Sexology , Edited by: Baras‐Vass , J. J and Perez‐Conchillo , M . 325 – 333 . Valencia, , Spain : ECVSA .
  • Codere , H. 1973 . “ The biography of an African society, Rwanda 1900–1960, based on forty‐eight Rwandan autobiographies ” . Tervuren, Belgium : Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale .
  • Dallabetta , G. A. , Miotti , P. G. , Chiphangwi , J. D. , Liomba , G. , Canner , J. K. and Saah , A. J. 1995 . Traditional vaginal agents: Use and association with HIV infection in Malawian women. . AIDS , 9 : 293 – 297 .
  • Darling , C. A. , Davidson , J. K. and Conway‐Welch , C. 1990 . Female ejaculation: Perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness. . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 19 : 29 – 47 .
  • Dharmananda S. 2007. Bidens: A popular remedy escapes notice of western practitioners. Available at: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/bidens.htm (accessed on 22 March 2007)
  • Drewes , F. E. and Van Staden , J. 1995 . Aspects of the extraction and purification of solasodine from solanum aculeastrum tissues. . Phytochemical Analysis , 6 : 203 – 206 .
  • Gallo , P. G. , Tita , E. and Viviani , F. 2006a . “ At the roots of ethnic female genital modification. ” . In Bodily integrity and the politics of circumcision: Culture, controversy, and change , Edited by: Denniston , G , Grassivaro Gallo , P , Hodges , F. M , Milos , M. F and Viviani , F . 49 – 55 . Dordrecht : Springer .
  • Gallo , P. G. , Villa , E. and Pagani , F. 2006b . “ Graphic reproduction of genital stretching in a group of Baganda girls: Their psychological experiences. ” . In Bodily integrity and the politics of circumcision: Culture, controversy, and change , Edited by: Denniston , G , Grassivaro Gallo , P , Hodges , F. M , Milos , M. F and Viviani , F . 65 – 84 . Dordrecht : Springer .
  • Green , J. , Pool , R. , Harrison , S. , Hart , G. J. , Wilkinson , J. , Nyanzi , S. and Whitworth , J. A. 2001 . Female control of sexuality: Illusion or reality? Use of vaginal products in southwest Uganda. . Social Science and Medicine , 52 : 585 – 598 .
  • Heath , D. 1987 . Female ejaculation: Its relationship to disturbances of erotic function. . Medical Hypotheses , 24 : 103 – 106 .
  • Horiuchi , M. and Seyama , Y. 2006 . Anti‐inflammatory and anti‐allergic activity of Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Scherff. . Journal of Health Sciences , 52 : 711 – 717 .
  • Hutchings , A. , Scott , A. H. , Lewis , G. and Cunningham , A. B. 1996 . Zulu medicinal plants and inventory , Pietermaritzburg, , South Africa : University of Natal Press .
  • Jacob , I. 1983 . Dictionnaire Rwandis‐Français , Kigali, Rwanda : Institut National de Recherche Scientifique . 1st Edition
  • Jansen DF. 2002. Growing up sexually in sub‐Saharan Africa. World reference atlas. Interim report. Available at: http://www2.rz.hu‐berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/AFRICAOLD.HTM (http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/AFRICAOLD.HTM) (accessed March 5, 2007)
  • Koduru , S. , Grierson , D. S. and Afolayan , A. J. 2006 . Effect of high temperatures on seed germination of Solanum aculeastrum. . Asian Journal of Plant Sciences , 5 : 353 – 356 .
  • Lans C. 2007. Comparison of plants used for skin and stomach problems in Trinidad and Tobago with Asian ethnomedicine. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 3. 3. Available at: http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/pdf/1746‐4269‐3‐3.pdf (http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/pdf/1746-4269-3-3.pdf) (accessed on 11 December 2007)
  • McNamara KR. 2006. Pretty woman: Genital plastic surgery and the production of the sexed female subject. Gnovis. [Georgetown University's Peer‐Reviewed Journal of Communication, Culture and Technology], 7. Available at: http://www.gnovisjournal.org/files/Karen‐Roberts‐McNamara‐Pretty‐Woman.pdf (http://www.gnovisjournal.org/files/Karen-Roberts-McNamara-Pretty-Woman.pdf) (accessed August 28, 2007)
  • Mvere , B. 2004 . “ Bidens pilosa L. Electronic record from Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) protabase. Website hosted by Wageningen University. Available at: http://database.prota.org/search.htm (accessed 11 December 2007). Original print source ” . In 2004. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation. (Leiden: Backhuys Publishers) Edited by: Grubben , G. J. H and Denton , O. A .
  • Mwenda , K. K. 2006 . Labia elongation under African customary law: A violation of women's rights? . International Journal of Human Rights , 10 : 341 – 357 .
  • Mwenda , K. K. 2007 . Personal communication
  • Myer , L. , Denny , L. , De Souza , M. , Barone , M. A. , Wright , T. C.Jr. and Kuhn , L. 2004 . Intravaginal practices, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among South African women. . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 31 : 174 – 179 .
  • Nabaitu , J. , Bachengana , C. and Seeley , J. 1994 . Marital instability in a rural population in South‐West Uganda: Implications for the spread of HIV‐1 infection. . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute , 64 : 243 – 251 .
  • Njoroge , N. G. , Bussmann , W. R. , Gemmill , B. , Newton , L. E. and Ngumi , V. W. 2004 . Utilisation of weed species as sources of traditional medicines in central Kenya. . Lyonia: A Journal of Ecology and Application , 7 : 71 – 87 .
  • Rabe , T. and van Staden , J. 1997 . Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes. . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 56 : 81 – 87 .
  • Schubach G. 2001. Urethral expulsions during sensual arousal and bladder catherization in seven human females. Journal of Human Sexuality. 4. Available at: http://www.ejhs.org/volume4/Schubach/ (accessed March 5, 2007)
  • Sengendo , J. and Sekatawa , E. 1999 . “ A cultural approach to HIV/AIDS prevention and care: Uganda's experience–country report. ” . Kampala : Studies and Reports, Special Series, Issue 1, Special Series of Cultural Policies for Development Unit . UNESCO/UNAIDS Research Report
  • South African National Biodiversity Institute, website PlantzAfRICA.com. Available at: http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/solanacul.htm (accessed April 18, 2007)
  • Stannus , H. S. 1910 . Notes on some tribes of British Central Africa. . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 40 : 285 – 335 .
  • Taylor , C. C. 1988 . The concept of flow in Rwandan popular medicine. . Social Science and Medicine , 27 : 1343 – 1348 .
  • Taylor , C. C. 1990 . Condoms and cosmology: The ‘fractal’ person and sexual risk in Rwanda. . Social Science & Medicine , 31 : 1023 – 1028 .
  • Taylor , C. C. 1992 . Milk, honey and money: Changing concepts in Rwandan healing , Washington : The Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • UN Economic and Social Council. 2002. Integration of the human rights of women and the gender perspective: Violence against women. Report of the special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. Available at: http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2002/documentation/commission/e‐cn4‐2002‐3.htm (http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2002/documentation/commission/e-cn4-2002-3.htm) (accessed March 15, 2007)
  • US Department of Agriculture website: Plants.USDA.gov , Available at: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol = SOAC2 (http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol = SOAC2) (accessed April 17, 2007)
  • Van de Wijgert , J. , Mbizvo , M. , Dube , S. , Mwale , M. , Nyamapfeni , P. and Padian , N. 2001 . Intravaginal practices in Zimbabwe: Which women engage in them and why? . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 3 : 133 – 148 .
  • Veldhuijzen , N. , Nyinawabega , J. , Umulisa , M. , Kankindi , B. , Geubbels , E. Basinga , P. 2006 . Preparing for microbicide trials in Rwanda: Focus group discussions with Rwandese women and men. . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 8 : 395 – 406 .
  • Villa , E. and Grassivaro Gallo , P. 2006 . “ Psycholinguistic approaches to ritual labia minora elongation among the Baganda women of Uganda. ” . In Bodily integrity and the politics of circumcision: Culture, controversy, and change , Edited by: Denniston , G , Grassivaro Gallo , P , Hodges , F. M , Milos , M. F and Viviani , F . 57 – 64 . Dordrecht : Springer .
  • Wanyonyi , A. W. , Chhabra , S. C. , Mkoji , G. , Eilert , U. and Njue , W. M. 2002 . Bioactive steroidal alkaloid glycosides from solanum aculeastrum. . Phytochemistry , 59 : 79 – 84 .
  • Wanyonyi , A. W. , Chhabra , S. C. , Mkoji , G. , Njue , W. and Taurus , P. K. 2003 . Molluscicidal and antimicrobial activity of Solanum aculeastrum. . Fitoterapia , 74 : 298 – 301 .
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). 2000. Female genital mutilation. Fact sheet No.241. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/print.html (accessed 5 April, 2007)
  • Yamada , T. 1999 . A report on the ethnobotany of the Nyindu in the eastern part of the former Zaire. . African Study Monographs , 20 : 1 – 72 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.