Gay men and other men who have sex with men in West Africa: evidence from the field

REFERENCES

• amfAR AIDS Research. 2008. “MSM, HIV, and the Road to Universal Access: How far have we come?” amFAR. http://www.amfar.org/uploadedFiles/In_the_Community/Publications/MSM%20HIV%20and%20the%20Road%20to%20Universal%20Access.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Awondo, P.2009. “Contre L'homophobie en Afrique [Against Homophobia in Africa].” Canadian Journal of African Studies/ Revue Canadienne des études africaines43, no. 1: 173–7.
   Google Scholar
• Baral, S., G.Trapence, F.Motimedi, E.Umar, S.Ilpinge, F.Dausab, and C.Beyer. 2009. “HIV Prevalence, Risks for HIV Infection, and Human Rights among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia and Botswana.” PlosOne4, no. 3: e4997, Epub 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrer, C., S. Baral, D. Walker, A.L. Wirtz, B. Johns, and F. Sifakis. 2010a. “The Expanding Epidemics of HIV Type 1 Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Diversity and Consistency.” American Journal of Epidemiology. Epidemiologic Reviews Advance Access DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxq011 http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org.
   Google Scholar
• Beyrer, C., G. Trapence, F. Motimedi, E. Umar, S. Iipinge, F. Dausab, and S. Baral. 2010b. “Bisexual Concurrency, Bisexual Partnerships, and HIV among Southern African Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM).” Sexually Transmitted Infections86, no. 4: 323–7.
   Google Scholar
• Beyrer, C., A.L.Wirtz, D.Walker, B.Johns, F.Sifakis, and S.D.Baral. 2011. The Global HIV Epidemic among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Bosu, W., and K. Yeboah. 2010. “Modes of HIV Transmission in Ghana: Lessons for Resource Allocation and Scaling up of Prevention Efforts.” Paper presented at XVIII International AIDS Conference, Vienna, Austria, July 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Club du Sahel et de l'Afrique de l'ouest. 2007. L'Afrique de l'ouest: Une Région en Mouvement, Une Région en Mutation, Une Région en Voie D'intégration. [West Africa: a region in motion, a changing region, a region in a process of integration]. Paris: OCDE.
   Google Scholar
• Dramé, F.M.2010. “Mobility and Vulnerability to HIV: A Strategy to Seek and Improve Access to Healthcare Services.” Paper presented at the Symposium Barriers to Migrants and Mobile Populations in Accessing Comprehensive HIV Services and Treatment. XVIII International AIDS Conference AIDS, Vienna, Austria, July 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Dramé, F.M., D. Diouf, N.M. Ndaw, T. Poteat, S. Baral, A. Wirtz, C. Beyrer, C. Traoré, and M. Dhaliwal. 2010. “An Analysis of the Role of Media in Shaping Discourse on Issues Related to HIV-Prevention Services for Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Senegal.” Poster presented at XVIII International AIDS Conference, Vienna, Austria, July 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Enda Santé. 2009. Plaidoyer, Prévention et Prise en Charge des Travailleuses du Sexe Officielles et Clandestines et des MSM: Rapport Analytique. [Advocacy, Prevention and Support for Official and Unofficial Sex Workers and MSM. Analytical Report]. Programme Fonds Mondial/ANCS Round 6. Dakar. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Enda santé Guiné Bissau. 2010. Exploratory Study of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Guinea Bissau. Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Unpublished report
   Google Scholar
• GALZ (Gays and Lesbian of Zimbabwe). 2008. Unspoken Facts. A History of Homosexualities in Africa. Pailles, Mauritius: Précigraph.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, R.M., J.R.Lama, P.L.Anderson, V.Mcmahan, A.Y.Liu, L.Vargas, P.Goicochea, et al. 2010. “Pre-Exposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men.” New England Journal of Medicine363, no. 27: 2587–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groupe ELIHOS. 2010. Evaluer les Interventions de Prévention des IST et du VIH Auprès des Homosexuels Masculins au Sénégal (projet ANRS 12139) [Evaluate Prevention Interventions of STIs and HIV towards male homosexuals in Senegal (ANRS Project 12139). Scientific Report]. Rapport Scientifique. Paris: CEPED.
   Google Scholar
• GUIAD (Guinea Assistance and Development). 2011. Rapport Final du Projet D'enquête sur L'estimation de la Taille des Populations les Plus à Risque Face au VIH: Des Hommes Ayant des Rapports Sexuels avec les Hommes (HSH) à Conakry [Final Report of Study Project on Size estimation of Most At Risk Populations for HIV: Men having Sex with Men in Conakry]. Draft document. Conakry: ONUSIDA, GUIAD, SE/CNLS.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch News. 2008. “Gambia: President Should Disavow Reported Homophobic Threats.” Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/06/09/gambia-president-should-disavow-reportedhomophobic-threats.
   Google Scholar
• ILGA (International Lesbian and Gay Association). 2007. State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws Prohibiting Same Sex Activity between Consenting Adults. Brussels: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Jallow, C.2010. The Gambia 2010 Behavioral Surveillance Survey on HIV and AIDS: Final Report. Banjul, Gambia: ActionAid Gambia and the National AIDS Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S., and O.A.Khan. 2006. “The Trouble with MSM.” American Journal of Public Health96, no. 5: 765–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohut, A., R. Wike, and J. Menasce Horowitz. 2007. “World Publics Welcome Global Trade – But Not Immigration.” Pew Global Attitudes Project report. Pew Global. http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ligiéro, D.P., and K. Kostermans. 2004. “Integration of Gender Issues in Selected HIV/AIDS Projects in the Africa Region: A Baseline Assessment.” The World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/no_67.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McGowan, I.2011. “Rectal Microbicides: Can We Make Them and Will People Use Them?” AIDS and Behavior15, no. Suppl. 1: S66–S71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merson, M., N.Padian, T.J.Coates, G.R.Gupta, S.M.Bertozzi, P.Piot, P.Mane, and M.Bartos. 2008. “Combination HIV Prevention.” Lancet372, no. 9652: 1805–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndiaye, P., A.Fall, A.Tal Dia, A.Faye, and M.Diongue. 2011. “Connaissances, Attitudes et Pratiques Relatives aux IST/VIH/sida: Cas des Hommes Ayant des relations Sexuelles avec d'autres Hommes au Sénégal [Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding STIs/HIV/AIDS: case of Men having Sexual relationships with other Men in Senegal].” Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Santé Publique59, no. 5: 305–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niang, C., A. Moreau, K. Kostermans, H. Binswanger, C. Compaore, M. Diagne, P. Tapsoba, and E. Weiss. 2004. “Men Who Have Sex with Men in Burkina Faso, Senegal, and the Gambia: The Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program Approach.” Paper presented at the XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 11–16.
   Google Scholar
• Niang, C., P.Tapsoba, E.Weiss, M.Diagne, Y.Niang, A.Moreau, D.Gomis, D.A, S.Wade, K.Seck, and C.Castle. 2003. “‘It's Raining Stones’: Stigma, Violence and HIV Vulnerability among Men who have Sex with Men in Dakar, Senegal.” Culture Health and Sexuality5, no. 6: 499–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health and FHI. 2008. Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance Survey. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, S., O.Rosenberg-Jallow, O.Bah, and S.Nyanzi. 2005. “Bumsters, Big Black Organs and Old White Gold: Embodied Racial Myths in Sexual Relationships of Gambian Beach Boys.” Culture Health and Sexuality7, no. 6: 557–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONUSIDA (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS). 2010. “Nouvelles Infections VIH par Mode de Transmission en Afrique de l'Ouest: Une Analyse Plurinationale [New HIV Infections by mode of transmission in West Africa: A multi-Country Analysis].” UNAIDS. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/countryreport/2010/201003_MOT_West_Africa_fr.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Poteat, T., D.Diouf, F.M.Dramé, M.Ndaw, C.Traoré, M.Dhaliwal, C.Beyrer, and S.Baral. 2011. “HIV Risk among MSM in Senegal: A Qualitative Rapid Assessment of the Impact of Enforcing Laws That Criminalize Same Sex Practices.” PLoS ONE6, no. 12: e28760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, V., T.Sandfort, and L.Rispel, eds. 2009. From Social Silence to Social Science: Same Sex Sexuality, HIV & Aids and Gender in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A.D., P.Tapsoba, N.Peshu, E.J.Sanders, and H.W.Jaffe. 2009. “Men Who Have Sex with Men and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Lancet374, no. 9687: 416–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunis, N.2001. “Same-Sex Sexuality in Africa: A Case Study from Senegal.” AIDS and Behaviour5, no. 2: 173–82.
   Google Scholar
• Toure Kane, C., S.Diawara, H.D.Ndiaye, P.Diallo, A.S.Wade, A.G.Diallo, L.Belec, and S.Mboup. 2009. “Concentrated and Linked Epidemics of Both HSV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Infections in Senegal: Public Health Impacts of the Spread of HIV.” International Journal of STD and AIDS20, no. 11: 793–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2010. Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2010. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS and WHO. 2000. Guidelines for Second Generation HIV Surveillance. Geneva: UNAIDS and WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Van Griensven, F.2007. “Men Who Have Sex with Men and Their HIV Epidemics in Africa.” AIDS2, no. 10: 1361–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Griensven, F., and E.J.Sanders. 2008. “Understanding HIV Risks among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Africa.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases35, no. 4: 355–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, A.S., C.T.Kane, P.A.Diallo, A.K.Diop, K.Gueye, S.Mboup, I.Ndoye, and E.Lagarde. 2005. “HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Senegal.” AIDS19, no. 18: 2133–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, A.S., J.Larmarange, A.K.Diop, O.Diop, K.Gueye, A.Marra, A.Sene, et al. 2010. “Reduction in Risk-Taking Behaviors among MSM in Senegal between 2004 and 2007 and Prevalence of HIV and other STIs.” Elihos project, ANRS 12139. AIDS Care22, no. 4: 409–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar