Sexuality and ‘silence’ among Khasi youth of Meghalaya, Northeast India

REFERENCES

• Aspin, C., and J.Hutchings. 2007. “Reclaiming the Past to Inform the Future: Contemporary Views of Maori Sexuality.” Culture, Health & Sexuality9 (4): 415–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamon, T. K.2004. “The English Text: Establishing Identity.” The IATEFL TTED SIG E-Newsletter, http://ttedsig.iatefl.org/resources/e-newsletter/TheEnglishText.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bang, L. B.2010. “Reproductive Health of the Matrilineal Khasis of Meghalaya.” The NEHU Journal8 (1): 15–35.
   Google Scholar
• Bareh, H.1997. The History and Culture of the Khasi People. Guwahati: Spectrum Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Barooah, J.2007. Customary Laws of the Khasis of Meghalaya. India: Labanya Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, S. T., P. J.Kuriloff, I.Lottes, J.Nathanson, T.Judge, and K.Fogelson-Turet. 1992. “Rape Callousness in College Freshmen: An Empirical Investigation of Aggression Towards Women.” Journal of College Student Development33 (5): 454–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMRB International. 2003. Evaluation of the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy. Tracking survey. Report of results of nine waves of research. London: BMRB International.
   Google Scholar
• Bochow, A.2012. “Let's Talk about Sex: Reflections on Conversations about Love and Sexuality in Kumasi and Endwa, Ghana.” Culture, Health & Sexuality14 (Suppl. 1): S15–S26.
   Google Scholar
• Brown-May, A.2008. “Sex and Salvation: Modelling Gender on an Indian Mission Station.” In Evangelists of Empire?: Missionaries in Colonial History, edited by A.Barry, J.Cruickshank, A.Brown-May, and PatriciaGrimshaw, 33–46. Melbourne: eScholarship Research Centre and School of Historical Studies, The University of Melbourne, Available at http://msp.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/shs/mission.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, M. R.1991. “Rape Myths and Acquaintance Rape.” In Acquaintance Rape: The Hidden Crime, edited by A.Parrot, and L.Bechhofer, 26–40. New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon, M.1998. “The Regulation of First Nations Sexuality.” The Canadian Journal of Native StudiesXVIII (1): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Census of India. 2001. “Meghalaya Data highlights: The Scheduled Tribes.” Office of the Registrar General, India.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaraman, L., A. J.Lee, and S.Erkut. 2012. “What if You Already Know Everything About Sex? Content Analysis of Questions From Early Adolescents in a Middle School Sex Education Program.” Journal of Adolescent Health50 (5): 527–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, J. N.1996. Ki Khun Khasi-Khara. India: Jeetraj Offset.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R. L., M. N.Elliott, S. H.Berry, D. E.Kanouse, and S. B.Hunter. 2003. “Entertainment Television as a Healthy Sex Educator: The Impact of Condom-Efficacy Information in an Episode of Friends.” Pediatrics112 (5): 1115–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deb Roy, H. L.1981. A Tribe in Transition-The Jaintias of Meghalaya. New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Dutta, P. N.1982. Impact of the West on Khasi and Jaintias: A Survey of Political, Economic and Social Change. New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Fathalla, M. F., S. W.Sinding, A.Rosenfield, and M. M. F.Fathalla. 2006. “Sexual and Reproductive Health for all: A call for Action.” The Lancet368 (9552): 2095–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The RIPPLE Study Team, S.Forrest, V.Strange, and A.Oakley. 2004. “What do Young People want from Sex Education? The Results of a Needs Assessment from a Peer-Led Sex Education Programme.” Culture, Health & Sexuality6 (4): 337–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M.1979. “We Other Victorians.” In The History of Sexuality Volume I: An Introduction. Harmondworth: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fuglesang, M.1997. “Lessons for Life—Past and Present Modes of Sexuality Education in Tanzanian Society.” Social Science & Medicine44 (8): 1245–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier, A., A. M.Gülmezoglu, G. P.Schmid, C. G.Moreno, and P. F. A.Van Look. 2006. “Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Matter of Life and Death.” The Lancet368 (9547): 1595–1607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, C., R. S.French, H.Patel-Kanwal, and G.Rait. 2008. “‘Always between Two Cultures’: Young British Bangladeshis and their Mothers' Views on Sex and Relationships.” Culture, Health & Sexuality10 (7): 709–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurdon, P. R.2002. The Khasis. Delhi: Low Price Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hakim, N.2012. “Sources of Information and Norms Regarding Sexual Issues Among Indian Male Young Adults.” Unpublished BSc dissertation, University of Michigan. Accessed October 17. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91874/1/nhhakim.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, D. M.1989. “Is there a History of Sexuality?” History and Theory28 (3): 257–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, Abbey, M.Carney, J.Drennan, M.Butler, M.Lohan, and E.Howlett. 2010. “The Silent Treatment: Parents' Narratives of Sexuality Education with Young People.” Culture, Health & Sexuality12 (4): 359–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, S., P.Reddy, R. A.Ruiter, A.McCauley, and B. v. d.Borne. 2006. “The Impact of an HIV and AIDS Life Skills Program on Secondary School Students in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” AIDS Education and Prevention18 (4): 281–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. K., and A. E.Biddlecom. 2011. “Is the Internet Filling the Sexual Health Information Gap for Teens? An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Health Communication16 (2): 112–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, D. B., B. A.Laris, and L. A.Rolleri. 2007. “Sex and HIV Education Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People throughout the World.” Journal of Adolescent Health40 (3): 206–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, P. K., L. E.Manhart, and W. E.Lafferty. 2008. “Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy.” Journal of Adolescent Health42 (4): 344–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyndiah, P. R.1990. Meghalaya Yesterday and Today. India: Har- Anand Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lyngdoh, P. R.1991. The Festivals in the History and Culture of the Khasi. India: Har-Anand Publications.
   Google Scholar
• MacCormack, C. P., and A.Draper. 1987. “The Social and Cognitive Aspects of Female Sexuality in Jamaica.” In The Cultural Construction of Sexuality, edited by P.Caplan, 147–165. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mahajan, P., and N.Sharma. 2005. “Parents Attitude towards Imparting Sex Education to their Adolescent Girls.” Anthropologist7 (3): 197–199.
   Google Scholar
• Mawrie, H. O.1981. The Khasi Milieu. India: Concept Publishing Company Private Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Mbugua, N.2007. “Factors Inhibiting Educated Mothers in Kenya from giving Meaningful Sex-Education to their Daughters.” Social Science & Medicine64 (5): 1079–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meghalaya Times. 2011. “City Witnessing Rise in Rape Cases: Police.” November 14. Accessed June 11 2012. http://www.meghalayatimes.info/index.php?option = com_content&view = article&id = 23214:city-witnessing-rise-in-rape-cases-police&catid = 44:front-page&Itemid = 28.
   Google Scholar
• Mellanby, A. R., F. A.Phelps, N. J.Crichton, and J. H.Tripp. 1995. “School Sex Education: An Experimental Programme with Educational and Medical Benefit.” British Medical Journal311 (7002): 414–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, D., M.McCabe, L.Ricciardelli, and K.Ball. 2004. “Body Image importance and Body Dissatisfaction among Indigenous Australian Adolescents.” Body Image1 (3): 289–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller, T. E., L. E.Gavin, and A.Kulkarni. 2008. “The Association between Sex Education and Youth's Engagement in Sexual Intercourse, Age at First Intercourse, and Birth Control Use at First Sex.” Journal of Adolescent Health42 (1): 89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhim, P.2007. “Myths, Tradition and Identity: Women in Matriliny.” In Matriliny in Transition: A comparative Analysis. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhim, P.2009. “Khasi Matrilineal Society – Challenges in the Twenty-First Century.” In Societies of Peace-Matriarchies Past, Present and Future, edited by HeideGoettner-Abendroth. Canada: Inanna Publications and Education Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhim, P.2012. “Create a Language to Portray the Trauma.” The Statesman, March 25, accessed April 9 2012. http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option = com_content&view = article&id = 404332&catid = 52.
   Google Scholar
• Natarajan, N.1977. The Missionary Among the Khasis. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited.
   Google Scholar
• NCERT. 2010. Adolescence Education Programme: Training and Resource Materials. National Population Education Project. National Council of Educational Research and Training. Accessed April 30 2013. http://ncert.nic.in/ncert/aerc/pdfs/Training_Resource_Materials.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• NFHS-3. 2007. “International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International.” In National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS.
   Google Scholar
• Nongkynrih, A. K.2002. Khasi Society of Meghalaya: A Sociological Understanding. India: Indus Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Pokharel, S., A.Kulczycki, and S.Shakya. 2006. “School-Based Sex Education in Western Nepal: Uncomfortable for Both Teachers and Students.” Reproductive Health Matters14 (28): 156–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roudi-Fahimi, F., and S. E. Feki. 2011. Facts of Life: Youth Sexuality and Reproductive Health in the Middle East and North Africa. Accessed October 19, 2012. http://www.prb.org/pdf11/facts-of-life-youth-in-middle-east.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. J.2004. “Youth, Sin and Sex in Nigeria: Christianity and HIV/AIDS-Related Beliefs and Behaviour among Rural-Urban Migrants.” Culture, Health & Sexuality6 (5): 425–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steegstra, M.2002. “A Mighty Obstacle to the Gospel: Basel Missionaries, Krobo Women, and Conflicting Ideas of Gender and Sexuality.” Journal of Religion in Africa32 (20): 200–230.
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson, J. M., A.Oakley, A. M.Johnson, S.Forrest, V.Strange, S.Charleston, S.Black, A.Copas, A.Petruckevitch, and A.Babiker. 2003. “A School-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of Peer-Led Sex Education in England.” Controlled Clinical Trials24 (5): 643–657.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suarez, E., and T. M.Gadalla. 2010. “Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence25 (11): 2010–2035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economic Times. 2007. Maharashtra to ban sex education in schools. Accessed October 17. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1835810.cms.
   Google Scholar
• The Gazette of Meghalaya. 2012. “Number 82. Government of Meghalaya.” Accessed November 23. http://megpns.gov.in/gazette/2012/09/14-09-12-X.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• The Hindu. 2012. “India's Rape Crisis in 2010.” March 11. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2982508.ece?homepage = true (Accessed on June 9/6/ 2012).
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2009. International Guidelines on Sexuality Education: An Evidence Informed Approach to Effective Sex, Relationships and HIV/STI Education, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001832/183281e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, K.1978. Socio-Economic Study of Bhoilymbong, A Village in Meghalaya. Madras: Diocesan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warwick, I., and P. Aggleton. 2002. “The Role of Education in Promoting Young People's Sexual and Reproductive Health.”, Guide to Good Practice, Safe Passages to Adulthood, University of Southampton, UK. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/HSafeGoodroleeducation.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wiesner-Hanks, M. E.2000. Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yankah, E., and P.Aggleton. 2008. “Effects and Effectiveness of Life Skills Education for HIV prevention in Young People.” AIDS Education and Prevention20 (6): 465–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y. R.2012. “Changing Behaviours and Continuing Silence: Sex in the Post-Immigration Lives of Mainland Chinese Immigrants in Canada.” Culture, Health & Sexuality14 (1): 87–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar