What role can gender-transformative programming for men play in increasing men’s HIV testing and engagement in HIV care and treatment in South Africa?

References

• Berg, B. L. 2004. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, vol. 5. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Bila, B. and M. Egrot. 2009. “Gender Asymmetry in Healthcare-Facility Attendance Af People Living with HIV /AIDS in Burkina Faso.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (6): 854–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., M. Teti, J. S. Massie, A. Patel, D. J. Malebranche, and J. M. Tschann. 2011. “What Does It Take to Be a Man? What is a Real Man?’: Ideologies of Masculinity and HIV Sexual Risk among Black Heterosexual Men.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 13 (5): 545–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C., and H. Deacon. 2006. “Unravelling the Contexts of Stigma: From Internalisation to Resistance to Change.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 16 (6): 411–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C., Y. Nair, and S. Maimane. 2007. “Building Contexts That Support Effective Community Responses to HIV/AIDS: A South African Case Study.” American Journal of Community Psychology 39 (3-4): 347–363.10.1007/s10464-007-9116-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C., M. Skovdal, and A. Gibbs. 2011. “Creating Social Spaces to Tackle AIDS-Related Stigma: Reviewing the Role of Church Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa.” AIDS & Behavior 15 (6): 1204–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. S., Y. Q. Chen, M. McCauley, T. Gamble, M. C. Hosseinipour, N. Kumarasamy, J. G. Hakim, et al. 2011. “Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy.” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (6): 493–505.10.1056/NEJMoa1105243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. S., M. K. Smith, K. E. Muessig, T. B. Hallett, K. A. Powers and A. D. Kashuba. 2013. “Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-1 Prevents Transmission of HIV-1: Where Do We Go from Here?” The Lancet 382 (9903): 1515–1524.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61998-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, C. 2011. Executive Summary Report on the Impact of Sonke Gender Justice Network’s One Man Can Campaign in Limpopo, Eastern Cape, and Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Sonke Gender Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cori, A., H. Ayles, N. Beyers, A. Schaap, S. Floyd, K. Sabapathy, J. W. Eaton, et al. 2014. “HPTN 071 (Popart): A Cluster-Randomized Trial of the Population Impact of an HIV Combination Prevention Intervention including Uiversal Testing and Treatment: Mathematical Model.” PLoS ONE 9 (1): e84511.10.1371/journal.pone.0084511
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, M., M. Schomaker, D. B. Garone, J. Giddy, C. J. Hoffmann, R. Lessells, M. Maskew, et al. 2012. “Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa: A Multicentre Cohort Study.” PLoS Medicine 9 (9): e1001304.10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, M., R. Lessells, M. P. Fox, D. B. Garone, J. Giddy, L. Fenner, L. Myer, and A. Boulle. 2014. “Mortality among Adults Transferred and Lost to Follow-up from Antiretroviral Therapy Programmes in South Africa: A Multicenter Cohort Study.” JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 67 (2): e67–e75.10.1097/QAI.0000000000000269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay, W. H. 2000. “Constructions of Masculinity and Their Influence on Men’s Well-Being: A Theory of Gender and Health.” Social Science & Medicine 50 (10): 1385–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dageid, W., K. Govender, and S. F. Gordon. 2012. “Masculinity and Hiv Disclosure among Heterosexual South African Men: Implications for HIV/AIDS Intervention.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 14 (8): 925–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicarlo, A. L., J. E. Mantell, R. H. Remien, A. Zerbe, D. Morris, B. Pitt, E. J. Abrams, and W. M. El-Sadr. 2014. “‘Men Usually Say That HIV Testing is for Women’: Gender Dynamics and Perceptions of HIV Testing in Lesotho.” Culture Health & Sexuality 16 (8): 867–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovel, K., S. Yeatman, S. Watkins, and M. Poulin. 2015. “Men’s Heightened Risk of AIDS-Related Death: The Legacy of Gendered HIV Testing and Treatment Strategies.” AIDS 29 (10): 1123–1125.10.1097/QAD.0000000000000655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druyts, E., M. Dybul, S. Kanters, J. Nachega, J. Birungi, N. Ford, K. Thorlund, et al. 2013. “Male Sex and the Risk of Mortality among Individuals Enrolled in Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” AIDS 27 (3): 417–425.10.1097/QAD.0b013e328359b89b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. L., S. Treves-Kagan, and S. A. Lippman. 2013b. “Gender-Transformative Interventions to Reduce HIV Risks and Violence with Heterosexually-Active Men: A Review of the Global Evidence.” AIDS & Behavior 17 (9): 2845–2863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. L., A. M. Hatcher, C. Colvin, and D. Peacock. 2013. “Impact of a Gender-Transformative HIV and Antiviolence Program on Gender Ideologies and Masculinities in Two Rural, South African Communities.” Men and Masculinities 16 (2): 181–202.10.1177/1097184X12469878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. L., P. J. Fleming, and C. J. Colvin. 2015. “The Promises and Limitations of Gender-Transformative Health Programming with Men: Critical Reflections from the Field.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (supp 2): 128–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, P. J., and S. L. Dworkin. 2016. “The Importance of Masculinity and Gender Norms for Understanding Institutional Responses to HIV Testing and Treatment Strategies.” AIDS 30 (1): 157–158.10.1097/QAD.0000000000000899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, P. J., J. G. Lee, and S. L. Dworkin. 2014. “’Real Men Don’t’: Constructions of Masculinity and Inadvertent Harm in Public Health Interventions.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (6): 1029–1035.10.2105/AJPH.2013.301820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, P. J., R. J. Diclemente, and C. Barrington. 2015. “Masculinity and HIV: Dimensions of Masculine Norms That Contribute to Men’s HIV-Related Sexual Behaviors.” AIDS & Behavior 20 (4): 788–798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gari, S., A. Martin-Hilber, J. R. Malungo, M. Musheke, and S. Merten. 2014. “Sex Differentials in the Uptake of Antiretroviral Treatment in Zambia.” AIDS Care 26 (10): 1258–1262.10.1080/09540121.2014.897911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, A., C. Vaughan, and P. Aggleton. 2015. “Beyond ‘Working with Men and Boys’: (Re)Defining, Challenging and Transforming Masculinities in Sexuality and Health Programmes and Policy.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (supp 2): 85–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindasamy, D., N. Van Schaik, K. Kranzer, R. Wood, C. Mathews, and L. G. Bekker. 2011. “Linkage to HIV Care from a Mobile Testing Unit in South Africa by Different CD4 Count Strata.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 58 (3): 344–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, G. R. 2000. “Gender, Sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: The What, the Why and the How.” Plenary Address in XIIIth International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Hanass-Hancock, J., H. Myezwa, S. A. Nixon, and A. Gibbs. 2015. “’ When I Was No Longer Able to See and Walk, That is When I Was Affected Most’ : Experiences of Disability in People Living with HIV in South Africa.” Disability and Rehabilitation 37 (22): 2051–2060.10.3109/09638288.2014.993432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, A. M., C. J. Colvin, N. Ndlovu, and S. L. Dworkin. 2014. “Intimate Partner Violence among Rural South African Men: Alcohol Use, Sexual Decision-Making, and Partner Communication.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 16 (9): 1023–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriksen, E. S., D. Hlubinka, S. Chariyalertsak, A. Chingono, G. Gray, J. Mbwambo, L. Richter, M. Kulich, and T. J. Coates. 2009. “Keep Talking about It: HIV/AIDS-Related Communication and Prior HIV Testing in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Thailand.” AIDS & Behavior 13 (6): 1213–1221.10.1007/s10461-009-9608-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, L., N. McGrath, H. van Rooyen, H. Humphries, A. van Heerden, and L. Richter. 2014. “Characteristics of Sexually Experienced HIV Testers Aged 18 to 32 in Rural South Africa: Baseline Results from a Community-Based Trial, NIMH Project Accept (HPTN 043).” BMC Public Health 14: 1164.10.1186/1471-2458-14-1164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzer, K., J. Zeinecker, P. Ginsberg, C. Orrell, N. N. Kalawe, S. D. Lawn, L. G. Bekker, and R. Wood. 2010. “Linkage to HIV Care and Antiretroviral Therapy in Cape Town, South Africa.” PLoS ONE 5 (11): e13801.10.1371/journal.pone.0013801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofland, J., and L. Lofland, eds. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Mburu, G., M. Ram, G. Siu, D. Bitira, M. Skovdal, and P. Holland. 2014. “Intersectionality of HIV Stigma and Masculinity in Eastern Uganda: Implications for Involving Men in HIV Programmes.” BMC Public Health 14: 1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mfecane, S. 2011. “Negotiating Therapeutic Citizenship and Notions of Masculinity in a South African Village.” African Journal of AIDS Research 10 (2): 129–138.10.2989/16085906.2011.593375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mfecane, S. 2012. “Narratives of HIV Disclosure and Masculinity in a South African Village.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 14 (supp 1): S109–21.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, R., R. Jewkes, G. Lindegger, and V. Hamlall. 2013. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Reviewing the Gendered Analysis of Men’s Power in South Africa.” South African Review of Sociology 44 (1): 3–21.10.1080/21528586.2013.784445
   Google Scholar
• Nyamhanga, T. M., E. P. Muhondwa, and R. Shayo. 2013. “Masculine Attitudes of Superiority Deter Men from Accessing Antiretroviral Therapy in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.” Global Health Action 6: 21812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott, F. R., C. Mwafulirwa, B. Ngwira, S. Nkhwazi, S. Floyd, R. M. Houben, J. R. Glynn, A. C. Crampin, and N. French. 2011. “Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence to Determine Factors Leading to Late Presentation for Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi.” PLoS ONE 6 (11): e27917.10.1371/journal.pone.0027917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronyk, P. M., J. R. Hargreaves, J. C. Kim, L. A. Morison, G. Phetla, C. Watts, J. Busza, and J. D. Porter. 2006. “Effect of a Structural Intervention for the Prevention of Intimate-Partner Violence and HIV in Rural South Africa: A Cluster Randomised Trial.” The Lancet 368 (9551): 1973–1983.10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69744-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Republic of South Africa. 2013. Global AIDS Response Progress Report, 2012. Accessed 20 April 2016. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents//ce_ZA_Narrative_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shamos, S., K. A. Hartwig, and N. Zindela. 2009. “Men’s and Women’s Experiences with HIV and Stigma in Swaziland.” Qualitative Health Research 19 (12): 1678–1689.10.1177/1049732309353910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikweyiya, Y. M., R. Jewkes, and K. Dunkle. 2014. “Impact of HIV on and the Constructions of Masculinities among HIV-Positive Men in South Africa: Implications for Secondary Prevention Programs.” Global Health Action No. 7: 24631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simbayi, L. C., S. Kalichman, A. Strebel, A. Cloete, N. Henda, and A. Mqeketo. 2007. “Internalized Stigma, Discrimination, and Depression among Men and Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa.” Social Science & Medicine 64 (9): 1823–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, G. E., D. Wight, and J. Seeley. 2012. “How a Masculine Work Ethic and Economic Circumstances Affect Uptake of HIV Treatment: Experiences of Men from an Artisanal Gold Mining Community in Rural Eastern Uganda.” Journal of the International AIDS Society 15 (supp 1): 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siu, G. E., J. Seeley, and D. Wight. 2013. “Dividuality, Masculine Respectability and Reputation: How Masculinity Affects Men’s Uptake of HIV Treatment in Rural Eastern Uganda.” Social Science & Medicine 89: 45–52.10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, G. E., D. Wight and J. Seeley. 2014a. “‘Dented’ and ‘Resuscitated’ Masculinities: The Impact of HIV Diagnosis and/or Enrolment on Antiretroviral Treatment on Masculine Identities in Rural Eastern Uganda.” SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 11 (1): 211–221.10.1080/17290376.2014.986516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu, G. E., D. Wight, and J. A. Seeley. 2014b. “Masculinity, Social Context and HIV Testing: An Ethnographic Study of Men in Busia District, Rural Eastern Uganda.” BMC Public Health 14: 33.10.1186/1471-2458-14-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovdal, M., C. Campbell, C. Madanhire, Z. Mupambireyi, C. Nyamukapa, and S. Gregson. 2011. “Masculinity as a Barrier to Men’s Use of HIV Services in Zimbabwe.” Globalization and Health 7: 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonke Gender Justice. 2008. One Man Can Toolkit. Cape Town, South Africa: Sonke Gender Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., D. R. Bangsberg, and S. D. Weiser. 2013. “Harnessing Poverty Alleviation to Reduce the Stigma of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.” PLoS Medicine 10 (11): e1001557.10.1371/journal.pmed.1001557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2013. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, C., Z. Hendrickson, L. M. Van Lith, J. E. Lengwe Kunda, and E. C. Mallalieu. 2014. “Role of Community-Level Factors across the Treatment Cascade: A Critical Review.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 66 (suppl 3): S311–8.
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg, W., L. Hendricks, A. Hatcher, D. Peacock, P. Godana, and S. Dworkin. 2013. “‘One Man Can’: Shifts in Fatherhood Beliefs and Parenting Practices following a Gender-Transformative Programme in Eastern Cape, South Africa.” Gender and Development 21 (1): 111–125.10.1080/13552074.2013.769775
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West, C., and D. H. Zimmerman. 1987. “Doing Gender.” Gender & Society 1 (2): 125–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2013. Global Update on HIV Treatment 2013: Results, Impact and Opportunities. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wyrod, R. 2011. “Masculinity and the Persistence of AIDS Stigma.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 13 (4): 443–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar