Preventing syndemic Zika virus, HIV/STIs and unintended pregnancy: dual method use and consistent condom use among Brazilian women in marital and civil unions

References

• Abma, J., A. Driscoll, and K. Moore. 1998. “Young Women's Degree of Control over First Intercourse: An Exploratory Analysis.” Family Planning Perspectives 30 (1): 12–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antelman, G., A. Medley, R. Mbatia, S. Pals, G. Arthur, S. Haberlen, M. Ackers, B. Elul, J. Parent, and A. Rwebembera. 2015. “Pregnancy Desire and Dual Method Contraceptive Use among People Living with HIV Attending Clinical Care in Kenya, Namibia and Tanzania.” Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 41 (1): e1–e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, M. P., and B. L. Glass. 1985. “Marital Age Heterogamy and Homogamy, 1900 to 1980.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 47 (3): 685–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajos, N. 1997. “Social Factors and the Process of Risk Construction in HIV Sexual Transmission.” AIDS Care 9 (2): 227–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, R. M., and W. V. Villela. 1995. “Sterilisation and Sexual Behaviour among Women in São Paulo, Brazil.” Reproductive Health Matters 3 (5): 37–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bastos, F. I., and C. L. Szwarcwald. 2000. “AIDS e Pauperização: Principais Conceitos e Evidências Empíricas [AIDS and Pauperization: Principal Concepts and Empirical Evidence].” Cadernos De Saúde Pública 16 (suppl 1): S65–S76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beltrão, K. I., and J. E. Alves. 2009. “Reversal of the Gender Gap in Brazilian Education in the 20th Century.” Cadernos De Pesquisa 39 (136): 125–156.
   Google Scholar
• Berer, M. 2006. “Dual Protection: More Needed than Practised or Understood.” Reproductive Health Matters 14 (28): 162–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blavatsky, I. 2008. “Avaliação e Correção dos Pesos de Expansão de Unidades Pesquisadas na Pesquisa PNDS 2006 [Evaluation and Weights for Survey Units in the 2006 PNDS Study].” In Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher - PNDS 2006: Aspectos Metodológicos [National Demographic Survey of Mother and Child Health - PNDS 2006: Methodological Aspects], edited by Elza Berquó, Sandra Garcia, and Tânia Lago, 36–52. Brasília: CEBRAP (Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento) and DECIT (Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia/MS).
   Google Scholar
• Brasil. 2008. Pesquisa Nacional De Demografia E Saúde Da Criança E Da Mulher PNDS 2006 Relatório Final, edited by Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Brasília - D.F.: Ministério da Saúde Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento.
   Google Scholar
• Brasil, P., J. P. Pereira Jr, C. R. Gabaglia, L. Damasceno, M. Wakimoto, R. M. Ribeiro Nogueira, P. C. de Sequeira, A. M. Siqueira, L. M. Abreu de Carvalho, and D. C. da Cunha. 2016. “Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro—Preliminary Report.” New England Journal of Medicine 375 (2016): 2321–2334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broutet, N., F. Krauer, M. Riesen, A. Khalakdina, M. Almiron, S. Aldighieri, M. Espinal, N. Low, and C. Dye. 2016. “Zika Virus as a Cause of Neurologic Disorders.” New England Journal of Medicine 374 (16): 1506–1509.10.1056/NEJMp1602708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, B., D. Evans, and J. Luque. 2011. Achieving World-Class Education in Brazil: The Next Agenda, Directions in Development: Human Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Calazans, G., T. W. Araujo, G. Venturi, and J. I. França. 2005. “Factors Associated with Condom Use among Youth Aged 15–24 Years in Brazil in 2003.” AIDS 19: S42–S50.10.1097/01.aids.0000191490.59112.c5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates, W., and M. J. Steiner. 2002. “Dual Protection against Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: What is the Best Contraceptive Approach?” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29 (3): 168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEBRAP. 2000. Comportamento Sexual Da População Brasileira E Percepções Do HIV/AIDS. Brasilia: Centro Brasileiro de Analise e Planejamento.
   Google Scholar
• Chibwesha, C. J., M. S. Li, C. K. Matoba, R. K. Mbewe, B. H. Chi, J. S. A. Stringer, and E. M. Stringer. 2011. “Modern Contraceptive and Dual Method Use among HIV-Infected Women in Lusaka, Zambia.” Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 (2011): 8.
   Google Scholar
• Chimbiri, A. M. 2007. “The Condom is an “Intruder” in Marriage: Evidence from Rural Malawi.” Social Science & Medicine 64 (5): 1102–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. F., K. S. Miller, J. S. Harrison, and K. L. Kay. 1996. “The Role of Attraction in Partner Assessments and Heterosexual Risk for HIV.” In Understanding and Preventing HIV Risk Behavior: Safer Sex and Drug Use, edited by S. Oskamp and S. C. Thompson, 80–99. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Coelho, E. A. C., M. L. S. Andrade, L. V. T. Vitoriano, J. J. Vitoriano, D. O. da Silva, M. E. N. Gusmao, E. R. do Nascimento, and M. S. Almeida. 2012. “Associaçao Entre Gravidez Não Planejada E O Contexto Socioeconômico De Mulheres Em Área Da Estratégia Saúde Da Família.” Acta Paulista De Enfermagem 25 (3): 415–422.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power. Stanford, CA: Standford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corbett, A. M., J. Dickson-Gómez, H. Hilario, and M. R. Weeks. 2009. “A Little Thing Called Love: Condom Use in High Risk Primary Heterosexual Relationships.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 41 (4): 218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darroch, J. E., D. J. Landry, and S. Oslak. 1999. “Age Differences between Sexual Partners in the United States.” Family Planning Perspectives 31 (4): 160–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Departamento de DST Aids e Hepatites Virais. 2015. Boletim Epidemiológico AIDS e DST. Brasilia: Ministério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde - Departamento de DST Aids e Hepatites Virais.
   Google Scholar
• Diclemente, R. J., G. M. Wingood, R. A. Crosby, C. Sionean, B. K. Cobb, K. Harrington, S. L. Davies, E. W. Hook III, and M. K. Oh. 2002. “Sexual Risk Behaviors Associated with Having Older Sex Partners: A Study of Black Adolescent Females.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29 (1): 20–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, A.L. C. G., A. I., Souza, R. A. Lima, and C. Braga. 2010. “Research Choices on Contraceptive Methods in Post-Abortion Family Planning Clinic in the Northeast Brazil.” Reproductive Health 7: 10.10.1186/1742-4755-7-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer, D., and L. H. Pritchett. 2001. “Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data-or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India.” Demography 38 (1): 115–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood, M. 2003. “Lust, Trust and Latex: Why Young Heterosexual Men Do Not Use Condoms.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 5 (4): 353–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, K., W. Sohn, and J. Lepkowski. 2001. “Characteristics of Adolescents' Sexual Partners and Their Association with Use of Condoms and Other Contraceptive Methods.” Family Planning Perspectives 33 (3): 100–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford, K., W. Sohn, and J. Lepkowski. 2002. “American Adolescents: Sexual Mixing Patterns, Bridge Partners, and Concurrency.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29 (1): 13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusco, C. L. B., and S. Silva. 2012. “Unsafe Abortion: Social Determinants and Health Inequities in a Vulnerable Population in São Paulo, Brazil.” Cadernos De Saúde Pública 28 (4): 709–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebling, E. M., and I. R. F. Guimarães. 2004. “Mulheres e AIDS: Relações de Gênero e Uso do Condom com Parceiro Estável.” Cadernos De Saúde Pública 20 (5): 1211–1218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins, J. A., and J. S. Hirsch. 2007. “The Pleasure Deficit: Revisiting the “Sexuality Connection” in Reproductive Health.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 39 (4): 240–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. A., N. K. Smith, S. A. Sanders, V. Schick, D. Herbenick, M. Reece, B. Dodge, and J. D. Fortenberry. 2014. “Dual Method Use at Last Sexual Encounter: A Nationally Representative, Episode-Level Analysis of US Men and Women.” Contraception 90 (4): 399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, K., R. M. Barbosa, D. R. Knauth, and J. E. Potter. 2005. “The Impact of Health Care Providers on Female Sterilization among HIV-Positive Women in Brazil.” Social Science & Medicine 61 (3): 541–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBGE. 2007. Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra De Domicílios: 2006. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasilerio de Geografia e Estatística.
   Google Scholar
• Ickovics, J. R., B. Thayaparan, and K. A. Ethier. 2001. “Women and AIDS: A Contextual Analysis.” In Handbook of Health Psychology, edited by A. Baum, T.A. Revenson, and J.E. Singer, 817–839. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Kaestle, C. E., D. E. Morisky, and D. J. Wiley. 2002. “Sexual Intercourse and the Age Difference between Adolescent Females and Their Romantic Partners.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34 (6): 304–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn, M. 2010. “Educational Inequality, Homogamy, and Status Exchange in Black-White Intermarriage: A Comment on Rosenfeld.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (4): 1252–1263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karney, B. R., H. Hops, C. A. Redding, H. T. Reis, A. J. Rothman, and J. A. Simpson. 2010. “A Framework for Incorporating Dyads in Models of HIV-Prevention.” AIDS & Behavior 14 (S2): 189–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kusunoki, Y., and D. M. Upchurch. 2011. “Contraceptive Method Choice among Youth in the United States: The Importance of Relationship Context.” Demography 48 (4): 1451–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, N. 2003. “Age and Economic Asymmetries in the Sexual Relationships of Adolescent Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Studies in Family Planning 34 (2): 67–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, N. 2005. “Confronting the ‘Sugar Daddy’ Stereotype: Age and Economic Asymmetries and Risky Sexual Behavior in Urban Kenya.” International Family Planning Perspectives 31 (01): 6–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundberg, S., and R. A. Pollak. 1996. “Bargaining and Distribution in Marriage.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 10 (4): 139–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPhail, C., A. Pettifor, S. Pascoe, and H. Rees. 2007. “Predictors of Dual Method Use for Pregnancy and HIV Prevention among Adolescent South African Women.” Contraception 75 (5): 383–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malarcher, S., L. G. Olson, and N. Hearst. 2010. “Unintended Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcome: Equity and Social Determinants.” In Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes, edited by E. Blas and A. S. Kurup, 177–197. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Malta, M., C. S. Todd, M. A. Stibich, T. Garcia, D. Pacheco, and F. I. Bastos. 2010. “Patient–Provider Communication and Reproductive Health among HIV-Positive Women in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.” Patient Education and Counseling 81 (3): 476–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manlove, J., S. Ryan, and K. Franzetta. 2003. “Patterns of Contraceptive Use within Teenagers’ First Sexual Relationships.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35 (05): 246–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manlove, J., S. Ryan, and K. Franzetta. 2004. “Contraceptive Use and Consistency in US Teenagers’ Most Recent Sexual Relationships.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36 (6): 265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, W. D., M. A. Longmore, and P. C. Giordano. 2000. “The Relationship Context of Contraceptive Use at First Intercourse.” Family Planning Perspectives 32 (3): 104–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manning, W. D., C. M. Flanigan, P. C. Giordano, and M. A. Longmore. 2009. “Relationship Dynamics and Consistency of Condom Use among Adolescents.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 41 (3): 181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, K. O. 1994. “HIV Transmission and the Balance of Power between Women and Men: A Global View.” Health Transition Review 4: 217–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444.10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde. 2009. “Pesquisa Nacional De Demografia E Saúde Da Criança E Da Mulher PNDS 2006: Dimensões Do Processo Reprodutivo E Da Saúde Da Criança [National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children - PNDS 2006: Dimensions of Reproductive and Child Health].” Edited by Centro Brasileiro de Analise e Planejamento and Ministério da Saúde, Série G. Estatística e Informação em Saúde. Brasília - D.F.: Ministério da Saúde.
   Google Scholar
• MOS. 2014. Boletim Epidemiólogico AIDS/DST. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira Melo, A. S., G. Malinger, R. Ximenes, P. O. Szejnfeld, S. Alves Sampaio, and A. M. Bispo de Filippis. 2016. “Zika Virus Intrauterine Infection Causes Fetal Brain Abnormality and Microcephaly: Tip of the Iceberg?” Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 47 (1): 6–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva, V., G. Venturi, I. Franca-Junior, and F. Lopes. 2003. Condom Use: A National Survey. Brazil: MS/IBOPE.
   Google Scholar
• Paiva, V., L. R. Pupo, and R. Barboza. 2006. “The Right to Prevention and the Challenges of Reducing Vulnerability to HIV in Brazil.” Revista De Saúde Pública 40: 109–119.10.1590/S0034-89102006000800015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva, V., G. Calazans, G. Venturi, and R. Dias. 2008. “Age and Condom Use at First Sexual Intercourse of Brazilian Adolescents.” Revista De Saúde Pública 42: 45–53.10.1590/S0034-89102008000800007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazol, K., M. R. Kramer, and C. J. Hogue. 2010. “Condoms for Dual Protection: Patterns of Use with Highly Effective Contraceptive Methods.” Public Health Reports 125 (2): 208–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peipert, J. F., C. A. Redding, J. D. Blume, J. E. Allsworth, K. A. Matteson, F. Lozowski, K. H. Mayer, P. J. Morokoff, and J. S. Rossi. 2008. “Tailored Intervention to Increase Dual-Contraceptive Method Use: A Randomized Trial to Reduce Unintended Pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Infections.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198 (6): 630.e1–630.e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimenta, M. C., L. F. Rios, I. Brito, J. V. Terto, and R. Parker. 2000. Safe Passage to Adult Life: Opportunities and Barriers for Sexual Health of Young Brazilians. Rio de Janeiro: Associacao Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Pinho, M. D., E. Berquo, F. Lopes, K. A. Oliveira, L. C. A. Lima, and N. Pereira. 2002. “Juventudes, Raça e Vulnerabilidades.” Revosta Brasileira De Estudos De População 19 (2): 277–294.
   Google Scholar
• Prietsch, S. O. M., D. A. González-Chica, J. A. Cesar, and R. A. Mendoza-Sassi. 2011. “Gravidez Não Planejada no Extremo Sul do Brasil: Prevalência e Fatores Associados.” Cadernos De Saúde Pública 27: 1906–1916.10.1590/S0102-311X2011001000004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quisumbing, A. R., and J. A. Maluccio. 2003. “Resources at Marriage and Intrahousehold Allocation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and South Africa.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65 (3): 283–327.10.1111/obes.2003.65.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roa, M. 2016. “Zika Virus Outbreak: Reproductive Health and Rights in Latin America.” The Lancet 387 (10021): 843.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00331-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, D., S. Gifford, and S. Moore. 1998. “Safe Sex or Safe Love: Competing Discourses?” AIDS Care 10 (1): 35–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafii, T., K. Stovel, R. Davis, and K. Holmes. 2004. “Is Condom Use Habit Forming?: Condom Use at Sexual Debut and Subsequent Condom Use.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31 (6): 366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehan, C. L., F. M. Berardo, H. Vera, and S. M. Carley. 1991. “Women in Age-Discrepant Marriages.” Journal of Family Issues 12 (3): 291–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp, L. P. 2014. STATA Version 13.1. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, C. R., J. S. Kaufman, C. A. Ford, P. J. Feldblum, P. A. Leone, and W. C. Miller. 2008. “Partner Age Difference and Prevalence of Chlamydial Infection among Young Adult Women.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35 (5): 447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sven Drefahl, S. 2010. “How Does the Age Gap between Partners Affect Their Survival?” Demography 47 (2): 313–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, A. M. F. B., D. R. Knauth, J. M. Fachel, and A. F. Leal. 2006. “Adolescentes e Uso de Preservativos: As Escolhas dos Jovéns de Três Capitais Brasileiras na Iniciação e na Última Relação Sexual.” Cadernos De Saúde Pública 22 (7): 1385–1396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuyuki, K., R. M. Barbosa, and A. A. Pinho. 2013. “Dual Protection and Dual Methods in Women Living with HIV: The Brazilian Context.” Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2013 (2013): 8. doi: 10.1155/2013/540789
   Google Scholar
• Tsuyuki, K., J. D. Gipson, L. A. Urada, R. M. Barbosa, and D. E. Morisky. 2016. “Dual Protection to Address the Global Syndemic of HIV and Unintended Pregnancy in Brazil.” Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 42 (4). doi: 10.1136/jfprhc-2015-101175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNFPA. 2008. Planejamento Familiar No Brasil: 50 Anos de História. Edited by Marcelo Britto. Brasília: UNFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, U. D., S. Raifman, and T. Raine-Bennett. 2016. “Effects of Relationship Context on Contraceptive Use among Young Women.” Contraception 94 (1): 68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanoss Marín, B. V., K. K. Coyle, C. A. Gómez, S. C. Carvajal, and D. B. Kirby. 2000. “Older Boyfriends and Girlfriends Increase Risk of Sexual Initiation in Young Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescent Health 27 (6): 409–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura, C. V., M. Maia, V. Bravo-Filho, A. L. Góis, and R. Belfort. 2016. “Zika Virus in Brazil and Macular Atrophy in a Child with Microcephaly.” The Lancet 387 (10015): 228.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00006-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viellas, E. F., R. M. S. M. Domingues, M. A. B. Dias, S. G. N. da Gama, M. M. T. Filha, J. V. da Costa, M. H. Bastos, and M. do Carmo Leal. 2014. “Assistência Pré-Natal no Brasil.” Cadernos De Saúde Pública 30: S85–S100.10.1590/0102-311X00126013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas, S., and L. Kumaranayake. 2006. “Constructing Socio-Economic Status Indices: How to Use Principal Components Analysis.” Health Policy and Planning 21 (6): 459–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhaver, R. 2005. “Coming out of Your Skin: Circuit Parties, Pleasure and the Subject.” Sexualities 8 (3): 347–374.
   Google Scholar