Scarcity mindset in reproductive health decision making: a qualitative study from rural Malawi

References

• Adebowale, S., S. Adedini, L. Ibisomi, and M. Palamuleni. 2014. “Differential Effect of Wealth Quintile on Modern Contraceptive Use and Fertility: Evidence from Malawian Women.” BMC Women’s Health 14 (1): 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashton, L., N. Giridhar, S. Holcombe, T. Madon, and E. Turner. 2015. “A Review of Behavioral Economics in Reproductive Health.” Behavioral Economics in Reproductive Health Initiative, Center for Effective Global Action. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bishai, D. 2002. “Fertility and Wealth in Sri Lanka: Are Children Normal Goods?” Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 20 (2): 99–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe, C., F. Banja, and A. Hill. 1998. “Reproductive Mishaps and Western Contraception: An African Challenge to Fertility Theory.” Population and Development Review 24 (1): 15–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J., and J. Casterline. 2013. “Fertility Transition: Is Sub-Saharan Africa Different?” Population and Development Review 38 (1): 153–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brislin, R. 1970. “Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 (3): 185–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, J. 2007. “Theories of Fertility Decline and the Evidence from Development Indicators.” Population and Development Review 33 (1): 101–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, M. 1981. “Risk and Insurance: Perspectives on Fertility and Agrarian Change in India and Bangladesh.” Population and Development Review 7 (3): 435–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., N. Sahin-Hodoglugil, and M. Potts. 2006. “Barriers to Fertility Regulation: A Review of the Literature.” Studies in Family Planning 37 (2): 87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caster, M., A. Norris, C. Butao, P. Carr Reese, E. Chemey, J. Phuka, and A. Norris Turner. 2017. “Assessing the Acceptability, Feasibility, and Effectiveness of a Tablet-Based Cervical Cancer Educational Intervention.” Journal of Cancer Education 32 (1): 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemin, M., J. De Last, and J. Haushofer. 2013. “Negative Rainfall Shocks Increase Levels of Stress Hormone Cortisol among Poor Farmers in Kenya.” SSRN Paper 2294171.
   Google Scholar
• Creanga, A., D. Gillespie, S. Karklins, and A. Tsui. 2011. “Low Use of Contraception among Poor Women in Africa: An Equity Issue.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89 (4): 258–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., and A. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Datta, S., and S. Mullainathan. 2014. “Behavioral Design: A New Approach to Development Policy.” Review of Income and Wealth 60 (1): 7–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devoto, F., E. Duflo, P. Dupas, W. Pariente, and V. Pons. 2011. “Happiness on Tap: Piped Water Adoption in Urban Morocco.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S., and A. Ehrhardt. 2007. “Going Beyond 'ABC' to Include 'GEM': Critical Reflections on Progress in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic.” American Journal of Public Health 97 (1): 13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttmacher Institute 2017. “Adding it up: Investing in Contraception and Maternal and Newborn Health, 2017.” New York: Guttmacher Institute
   Google Scholar
• Haushofer, J., and E. Fehr. 2014. “On the Psychology of Poverty.” Science 344 (6186): 862–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, R. 2005. “Informal Labor and Social Relations in Northern Malawi: The Theoretical Challenges and Implications of Ganyu Labor for Food Security.” Rural Sociology 70 (2): 167–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, E., and M. Hill. 1993. “Women’s Education in Developing Countries: Barriers, Benefits, and Policies.” Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lopus, S. 2015. “Household Investments in Children Amid Rapid Development: Ibo Island, Mozambique.” Berkeley, CA: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Maclay, C., and H. Marsden. 2013. “Responding to the Psychological Context of Extreme Poverty: Using Cash Transfers to Stimulate Productive Investment Decisions in Bangladesh.” Social Indicators Research 113 (2): 691–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maticka-Tyndale, E. 2012. “Bridging Theory and Practice in HIV Prevention for Rural Youth, Nigeria.” African Journal of Reproductive Health 16 (2): 39–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mbacke, C. 2017. “The Persistence of High Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comment.” Population and Development Review 43 (S1): 330–337.
   Google Scholar
• Mullainathan, S., and E. Shafir. 2013. Scarcity: Why Having too Little Means So Much. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company.
   Google Scholar
• National Statistical Office Malawi 2017. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015–16. Zomba, Malawi and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NSO and ICF.
   Google Scholar
• Ram, B. 2012. “Fertility Decline and Family Change in India: A Demographic Perspective.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 43 (1): 11–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgh, G., and R. Hussain. 2014. “Reasons for Contraceptive Nonuse among Women Having Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries.” Studies in Family Planning 45 (2): 151–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A., S. Mullainathan, and E. Shafir. 2012. “Some Consequences of Having Too Little.” Science 338 (6107): 682–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A., E. Shafir, and S. Mullainathan. 2015. “Scarcity Frames Value.” Psychological Science 28: 402–412.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, A., J. Zhao, S. Mullainathan, and E. Shafir. 2018. “Money in the Mental Lives of the Poor.” Social Cognition 36 (1): 4–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenk, M. K., M. Borgerhoff Mulder, J. Beise, G. Clark, W. Irons, D. Leonetti, B. S. Low., et al. 2010. “Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Agriculturalists: Foundations of Agrarian Inequality.” Current Anthropology 51 (1): 65–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shreffler, K., and F. Dodoo. 2009. “The Role of Intergenerational Transfers, Land, and Education in Fertility Transition in Rural Kenya: The Case of Nyeri District.” Population and Environment 30 (3): 75–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S.,. G. Sedgh, and R. Hussain. 2010. “Unintended Pregnancy: Worldwide Levels, Trends, and Outcomes.” Studies in Family Planning 41 (4): 241–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spears, D. 2011. “Economic Decision-Making in Poverty Depletes Behavioral Control.” Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 11: 1–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, R., A. Baschieri, S. Clements, M. Hennink, and N. Madise. 2007. “Contextual Influences on Modern Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Journal of Public Health 97 (7): 1233–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strazdin, L., A. Griffin, D. Broom, C. Banwell, R. Korda, J. Dixon, F. Paolucci, and J. Glover. 2011. “Time Scarcity: Another Health Inequality?” Environment and Planning A 43: 545–559.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, A., R. Pierotti, L. Young-DeMarco, and S. Watkins. 2014. “Developmental Idealism and Cultural Models of the Family in Malawi.” Population Research and Policy Review 33 (5): 693–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, L., A. Parkes, D. Wight, M. Petticrew, and G. Hart. 2009. “Limits to Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research.” Reproductive Health 6: 3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wulifan, J., S. Brenner, A. Jahn, and M. De Allegri. 2016. “A Scoping Review on Determinants of Unmet Need for Family Planning among Women of Reproductive Age in Low and Middle Income Countries.” BMC Women's Health 16 (2): 1–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zwane, A. 2012. “ Economics. Implications of scarcity.” Science 338 (6107): 617–618.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar