Intersex human rights, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex characteristics and the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10

References

• AAP. 2019. “Bill to Provide Gender Choice for Birth Certificates.” June 18. https://www.9news.com.au/national/victorian-bill-to-provide-gender-choice-for-birth-certificates-transgender-news/42e86519-d41f-4b01-8f84-85d4acf3549e
   Google Scholar
• AIS Support Group Australia, Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand, Organisation Intersex International Australia, Eve Black, Kylie Bond, Tony Briffa, Morgan Carpenter, et al. 2017. ‘Darlington Statement’. https://darlington.org.au/statement
   Google Scholar
• Amundson, R. 2000. “Against Normal Function.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 31 (1): 33–53. doi:10.1016/S1369-8486(99)00033-3
   Google Scholar
• Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. 2016. Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in Relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. Sydney, Australia: Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/
   Google Scholar
• Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. 2017. Celebrating 10 Years of the Yogyakarta Principles What Have We Learnt and Where to Now? Sydney, Australia: Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions.
   Google Scholar
• Canberra Times. 1983. “S. Australian Officials Insist That Boys Won’t Be Girls.” Canberra Times, August 9.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, M. 2018a. “Intersex Variations, Human Rights, and the International Classification of Diseases.” Health and Human Rights 20 (2): 205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, M. 2018b. “The “Normalisation” of Intersex Bodies and “Othering” of Intersex Identities.” In The Legal Status of Intersex Persons, edited by Jens Scherpe, Anatol Dutta, and Tobias Helms, 445–514. Cambridge: Intersentia. doi:10.1017/9781780687704.028
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Civil and Political Rights. 2014. “General Comment No. 35: Article 9 (Liberty and Security of Person).” CCPR/C/GC/35.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 2015. “Concluding Observations on the Combined Fourth and Fifth Periodic Reports of Namibia.” CEDAW/C/NAM/CO/4-5.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2011. “General Comment 13: Article 19: The Right of the Child to Freedom from All Forms of Violence.” CRC/C/GC/13.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2013. “General Comment No. 14 (2013) on the Right of the Child to Have His or Her Best Interests Taken as a Primary Consideration (Art. 3, Para. 1).” CRC/C/GC/14.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2016. “Concluding Observations on the Fifth Periodic Report of New Zealand.” CRC/C/NZL/CO/5.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. “Human Rights and Intersex People, Issue Paper.”
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Davis, G. 2011. “DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term”: Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology.” In Advances in Medical Sociology, edited by P. J. McGann and D. J. Hutson, vol. 12, 155–182. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. doi:10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012
   Google Scholar
• Dewhurst, C. J., and R. Roge Gordon. 1969. The Intersexual Disorders. London: Baillière, Tindall & Cassell.
   Google Scholar
• Dreger, A. 2018. “Twenty Years of Working toward Intersex Rights.” In Bioethics in Action, edited by Françoise Baylis and Alice Dreger, 55–73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316343197.004
   Google Scholar
• Dreger, A., C. Chase, A. Sousa, P. A. Gruppuso, and J. Frader. 2005. “Changing the Nomenclature/Taxonomy for Intersex: A Scientific and Clinical Rationale.” Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM 18 (8): 729–734. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreger, A., E. K. Feder, and A. Tamar-Mattis. 2012. “Prenatal Dexamethasone for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An Ethics Canary in the Modern Medical Mine.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 9 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1007/s11673-012-9384-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettelbrick, P. L., and A. Trabucco Zerán. 2016. “The Impact of the Yogyakarta Principles on the International Human Rights Law Development, A Study of November 2007 – June 2010.” http://www.ypinaction.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Yogyakarta_Principles_Impact_Tracking_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Federal Constitutional Court. 2017. BVerfG, Order of the First Senate of 10 October 2017 - 1 BvR 2019/16 - paras. (1–69).
   Google Scholar
• Finlay, H. A. 1980. “Sexual Identity and the Law of Nullity.” Australian Law Journal 54 (3): 115–126.
   Google Scholar
• Furtado, P. S., F. Moraes, R. Lago, L. Oliveira Barros, M. Betânia Toralles, and U. Barroso. 2012. “Gender Dysphoria Associated with Disorders of Sex Development.” Nature Reviews. Urology 9 (11): 620–627. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillam, L. H., J. K. Hewitt, and G. L. Warne. 2010. “Ethical Principles for the Management of Infants with Disorders of Sex Development.” Hormone Research in Paediatrics 74 (6): 412–418. doi:10.1159/000316940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, R., and B. M. Ludwikowski. 2016. “Should CAH in Females Be Classified as DSD?” Frontiers in Pediatrics 4: 48. doi:10.3389/fped.2016.00048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, A. M. 2008. “Sex, Love, and Marriage: Questioning Gender and Sexuality Rights in International Law.” Leiden Journal of International Law 21 (1): 235–253. doi:10.1017/S0922156507004839
   Google Scholar
• Hampson, J. G., J. Money, and J. L. Hampson. 1956. “Hermaphrodism: Recommendations concerning Case management.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 16 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1210/jcem-16-4-547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houk, C. P., I. A. Hughes, S. F. Ahmed, and P. A. Lee. 2006. “Summary of Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their management. International Intersex Consensus Conference.” Pediatrics 118 (2): 753–757. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, E., S. Frazer, M. Dumont, and G. Zomorodi. 2017. The State of Intersex Organizing. 2nd ed. New York: American Jewish World Service, Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice and GATE. https://transactivists.org/the-state-of-intersex-organizing-report-2017/
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, I. A., C. Houk, S.F. Ahmed, and P.A. Lee. 2006. “Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders.” Archives of Disease in Childhood 91 (7): 554–563. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.098319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 2015. “Violence against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Persons in the Americas.” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/violencelgbtipersons.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Intersex Human Rights Australia. 2018. “Submission to the Australian Human Rights Commission: Protecting the Human Rights of People Born with Variations in Sex Characteristics.” https://ihra.org.au/32490/ahrc-submission-2018/
   Google Scholar
• Jones, T. 2016. “The Needs of Students with Intersex Variations.” Sex Education 16 (6): 602–618. doi:10.1080/14681811.2016.1149808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama, E., and L. Weasel. 2002. “From Social Construction to Social Justice: Transforming How We Teach about Intersexuality.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 30 (3/4): 169–178.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, P. A., A. Nordenström, C. P. Houk, S. Faisal Ahmed, R. Auchus, A. Baratz, K. Baratz Dalke, L.-M. Liao, K. Lin-Su, L. H. J. Looijenga, et al. 2016. “Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care.” Hormone Research in Paediatrics 85 (3): 158–180. doi:10.1159/000442975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, A. 2018. “100 Infants with Birth Defects Rehabilitated.” The News International, March 3. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/287739-100-infants-with-birth-defects-rehabilitated
   Google Scholar
• Malta. 2015. Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final Version. http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=26805&l=1
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F.L. 1990. “Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality?” Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1 (4): 279–283. doi:10.1089/cap.1990.1.279
   Google Scholar
• Money, J. 1994. “The Concept of Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence after 39 Years.” Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 20 (3): 163–177. doi:10.1080/00926239408403428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouriquand, P. D. E., D. Brindusa Gorduza, C.-L. Gay, H. F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg, L. Baker, L. S. Baskin, C. Bouvattier, L. H. Braga, A. C. Caldamone, L. Duranteau, et al. 2016. “Surgery in Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) with a Gender Issue: If (Why), When, and How.” Journal of Pediatric Urology 12 (6): 438. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni Mhuirthile, T. 2018. “The Legal Status of Intersex Persons in Malta.” In The Legal Status of Intersex Persons, edited by Jens Scherpe, Anatol Dutta, and Tobias Helms, 357–367. Cambridge: Intersentia. http://intersentia.com/en/the-legal-status-of-intersex-persons.html
   Google Scholar
• Nimkarn, S., and M. I. New. 2010. “Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase deficiency: A paradigm for prenatal diagnosis and treatment.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1192 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05225.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 2018. Genome Editing and Human Reproduction: Social and Ethical Issues. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
   Google Scholar
• Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2019. “Background Note on Human Rights Violations against Intersex People.” https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/BackgroundViolationsIntersexPeople.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Privacy Commissioner. 2018. “Handling Health Information of Intersex Individuals.” Office of the Privacy Commissioner. March 2. https://www.privacy.org.nz/blog/handling-health-information-of-intersex-individuals/
   Google Scholar
• O’Flaherty, M. 2015. “The Yogyakarta Principles at Ten.” Nordic Journal of Human Rights 33 (4): 280–298. doi:10.1080/18918131.2015.1127009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OII Europe, OII Germany, Transgender Europe, and German Trans* Association. 2017. “Joint Statement: Civil Society Welcomes German Constitutional Court Demand for a New Regulation of Sex Registration as Ground-Breaking.” https://oiieurope.org/joint-statement-german-constitutional-court/
   Google Scholar
• Orentlicher, Diane, and Economic and Social Council. 2005. “Report of the Independent Expert to Update the Set of Principles to Combat Impunity, Diane Orentlicher Addendum Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity.” E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1. UN Commission on Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Pakula, M. 2015. “Time Limitations For Child Abuse Cases Abolished.” Premier of Victoria. February 24. https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/time-limitations-for-child-abuse-cases-abolished/
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, S. 2010. “An Activist’s Guide to the Yogyakarta Principles.” ARC International. http://ypinaction.org/files/02/85/Activists_Guide_English_nov_14_2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Razzaghy-Azar, M., S. Karimi, and E. Shirazi. 2017. “Gender Identity in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.” International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 15 (3): e12537. doi:10.5812/ijem.12537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, E. 2009. Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sachedina, A. 2009. “Organ Donation and Cosmetic Enhancement.” In Islamic Biomedical Ethics Principles and Application. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:Oso/9780195378504.003.0007.
   Google Scholar
• Senate of Australia Community Affairs References Committee. 2013. Involuntary or Coerced Sterilisation of Intersex People in Australia. http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index
   Google Scholar
• Toebes, B. 2008. “Sex Selection under International Human Rights Law.” Medical Law International 9 (3): 197–225. doi:10.1177/096853320800900301
   Google Scholar
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees. 2012. “Guidelines on International Protection No. 9: Claims to Refugee Status Based on Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or Its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.” HCR/GIP/12/01.
   Google Scholar
• UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 2016. “Sport and Healthy Lifestyles and the Right to Health.” A/HRC/32/33.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2015. “From Insult to Inclusion: Asia-Pacific Report on School Bullying, Violence and Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235414E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. 1948. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. 1966. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.”
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. 1989. “Convention on the Rights of the Child.”
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. 2006. “Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.”
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Program. 2016. “Measuring LGBTI Inclusion: Increasing Access to Data and Building the Evidence Base.”
   Google Scholar
• Winter, S. 2009. “Are Human Rights Capable of Liberation? the Case of Sex and Gender Diversity.” Australian Journal of Human Rights 15 (1): 151–173. doi:10.1080/1323238X.2009.11910865
   Google Scholar
• World Bank, and UNDP. 2016. “Investing in a Research Revolution for LGBTI Inclusion.” http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/196241478752872781/pdf/110035-WP-InvestinginaResearchRevolutionforLGBTIInclusion-PUBLIC-ABSTRACT-SENT.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. 2001. “Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.”
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., D. Felsen, and D. P. Poppas. 2007. “Nerve Sparing Ventral Clitoroplasty: Analysis of Clitoral Sensitivity and Viability.” The Journal of Urology 178 (4 Pt 2): 1598–1601. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogyakarta Principles. 2007. The Yogyakarta Principles. Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.
   Google Scholar
• Yogyakarta Principles. 2017. The Yogyakarta Principles Plus 10: Additional Principles and State Obligations on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics, to Complement the Yogyakarta Principles. http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles-en/yp10/
   Google Scholar
• Yogyakarta Principles in Action. 2017. ‘Call for Submission. The Application of Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics’. http://www.ypinaction.org/yogyakarta-principles-10/call-for-submission/
   Google Scholar