Restorative solutions for anti-LGBT victimisation experiences: potential pathways for victims’ wellbeing and key challenges and needs

References

• Campbell, R. 2006. “Rape Survivors’ Experiences with the Legal and Medical Systems. Do Rape Victim Advocates Make a Difference?” Violence against Women 12 (1):30–45. doi:10.1177/1077801205277539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborti, N. 2018. “Victims of Hate Crime.” In Handbook of Victims and Victimology, edited by Sandra Walklate, 141–155. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Connors, J., M. C. Casares, M. C. Honigberg, and J. A. Davis. 2020. “LGBTQ Health Disparities.” In The Equal Curriculum: The Student and Educator Guide to LGBTQ Health, edited by James R. Lehman, Kristine Diaz, Henry Ng, Elizabeth M. Petty, Meena Thatikunta and Kristen Eckstrand, 12–31. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights). 2020. EU-LGBTI II: A Long Way to Go for LGBTI Equality. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Gates, G. J. 2013. “Demographics and LGBT Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 54 (1):72–74. doi:10.1177/0022146512474429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., J. C. Cogan, and R. Gillis. 2002. “Victim Experiences in Hate Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation.” Journal of Social Issues 58 (2):319–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., R. Gillis, J. C. Cogan, and E. K. Glunt. 1997. “Hate Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: Prevalence, Psychological Correlates, and Methodological Issues.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 12 (2):195–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juster, R.-P., A. V. Jennifer, and P. J. Johnson. 2017. “Impact of Stress and Strain on Current LGBT Health Disparities.” In Trauma, Resilience, and Health Promotion in LGBT Patients, edited by Kristen L. Eckstrand and Jennifer Potter, 35–48. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kiyala, J., and K. Chrysostome. 2019. Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice. Participatory Action Research in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. New York City: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Adiego, J. A. L., N. Sadurní, A. D. Caballero, and P. A. Carbó. 2018. “From Zero to Hero: A Transnational Perspective on Countering anti-LGBT Hate Crime in Europe.” In Running through Hurdles: Obstacles in the Access to Justice for Victims of Anti-LGBTI Hate Crimes, edited by Piotr Godzisz and Giacomo Viggiani, 93–101. Warsaw: Lambda Warsaw Association.
   Google Scholar
• M. Grau, and J. C. Montserrat. 2021. “Seeking Reparation for the Crime. The Experiences of LGBT People.” In Justice Outside the Box: The Restorative Approach to anti-LGBT Hate Crimes, edited by Olga Jubany, 49–56. Brussels: Justice Programme of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Macmillan, R. 2001. “Violence and the Life Course: The Consequences of Victimization for Personal and Social Development.” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1):1–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1
   Google Scholar
• Mereish, E. H., and M. S. Taylor. 2021. “Sexual and Gender Minority People’s Physical Health and Health Risk Behaviors.” In Queer Psychology, edited by Kevin L. Nadal and María R. Scharrón-del Río, 81–102. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Millington, L. 2018. “Using Restorative Justice in Cases of LGBTI Hate Crime (England and Wales).” In Safe To Be: Handbook, edited by Alexi De Greef and Kelly Grossthal, 46–75. Brussels: Çavaria.
   Google Scholar
• Paterson, J. L., R. Brown, and M. A. Walters. 2019. “The Short and Longer Term Impacts of Hate Crimes Experienced Directly, Indirectly and Through the Media.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 45 (7):994–1010. doi:10.1177/0146167218802835
   Google Scholar
• Pemberton, A., P. Aarten, and E. Mulder. 2017. “Beyond Retribution, Restoration and Procedural Justice: The Big Two of Communion and Agency in Victims’ Perspectives on Justice.” Psychology, Crime & Law 23 (7):682–698. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2017.1298760
   Google Scholar
• Perry, B., and S. Alvi. 2012. “We are all Vulnerable’: The in Terrorem Effects of Hate Crimes.” International Review of Victimology 18 (1):57–71.
   Google Scholar
• Roiha, M. 2021. “Exploring Diverse Sociopolitical Contexts and Legal Frameworks as a Backdrop to Restorative Justice Practices for anti-LGBT Hate Crimes.” In Justice Outside the Box: The Restorative Approach to anti-LGBT Hate Crimes, edited by Olga Jubany, 49–56. Brussels: Justice Programme of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Rossner, M. 2018. “Restorative Justice and Victims of Crime: Directions and Developments.” In Handbook of Victims and Victimology, edited by Sandra Walklate, 229–246. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rothe, D. L., and D. Kauzlarich. 2018. “We Are All Complicit: Victimization and Crimes of the Powerful.” In Handbook of Victims and Victimology, edited by Sandra Walklate, 348–363. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, B. C., and E. Santacruz. 2017. “Health Disparities and LGBT Populations.” In LGBT Psychology and Mental Health: Emerging Research and Advances, edited by Richard Ruth and Erik Santacruz, 177–196. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, M. A., J. L. Paterson, and R. Brown. 2021. “Enhancing Punishment or Repairing Harms? Perceptions of Sentencing Hate Crimes amongst Members of a Commonly Targeted Victim Group.” The British Journal of Criminology 61 (1):61–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, M. A. 2019. “Repairing the Harms of Hate Crime: Towards a Restorative Justice Approach.” Paper presented at the 171st International Senior Seminar of the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders Criminal justice response to crimes motivated by intolerance and discrimination. https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No108/No108_10_VE_Walters.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, Mark Austin. 2014. Hate Crime and Restorative Justice: Exploring Causes, Repairing Harm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M., and J. Tregidga. 2013. All Wales Hate Crime Project. Cardiff: Race Equality First and Cardiff University.
   Google Scholar
• Zehr, H. 1985. “Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice.” In New Perspectives on Crime and Justice 4. Akron: Mennonite Central Committee Office of Criminal Justice.
   Google Scholar