Why do some US universities generate more venture-backed academic entrepreneurs than others?

References

• Aldrich , H. E. 1990 . Using an ecological perspective to study organizational founding rates . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 14 : 7 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Association of University Technology Managers . 2005 . AUTM U.S. Licensing Survey: FY 2004 http://www.autm.net/events/File/FY04%20Licensing%20Survey/04AUTM-USLicSrvy-public.pdf (accessed December 28, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch , D. B. and Stephan , P. E. 1996 . Company science locational links: The case of biotechnology . American Economic Review , 86 : 641 – 652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercovitz , J. and Feldman , M. 2008 . Academic entrepreneurs: Organizational change at the individual level . Organization Science , 19 : 69 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biotechnology Industry Organization . 2004 . Laboratories of innovation: State bioscience initiatives 2004 , Washington, DC : Biotechnology Industry Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane , J. H. 2005 . The risk and return of venture capital . Journal of Financial Economics , 75 : 3 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Gregorio , D. and Shane , S. 2003 . Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? . Research Policy , 32 : 209 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz , H. 2002 . MIT and the rise of entrepreneurial science , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , D. S. and Jovanovic , B. 1989 . An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints . Journal of Political Economy , 97 : 808 – 827 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , M. 1994 . The university and economic development: The case of Johns Hopkins University and Baltimore . Economic Development Quarterly , 8 : 67 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , M. and Desrochers , P. 2003 . Research universities and local economic development: Lessons from the history of the Johns Hopkins University . Industry and Innovation , 10 : 5 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons , J. F. 2000 . “ The role of Stanford University: A dean's view ” . In The Silicon Valley Edge , Edited by: Lee , C. M. , Miller , W. F. , Hancock , M. G. and Rowen , H. S. 200 – 217 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gompers , P. and Lerner , J. 1999 . The venture capital cycle , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gompers , P. and Lerner , J. 2000 . Money chasing deals? The impact of fund inflows on private equity valuations . Journal of Financial Economics , 55 : 281 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompers , P. , Lerner , J. and Scharfstein , D. 2005 . Entrepreneurial spawning: Public corporations and the genesis of new ventures, 1986–1999 . Journal of Finance , 60 : 577 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmann , T. F. 2000 . “ Venture capitalists: The coaches of Silicon Valley ” . In The Silicon Valley edge , Edited by: Lee , C. M. , Miller , W. F. , Hancock , M. G. and Rowen , H. S. 276 – 294 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herper , M. 2002 . Biotech topples the ivory tower . Forbes , May 13
   Google Scholar
• Holtz-Eakin , D. , Joulfaian , D. and Rosen , H. S. 1994 . Entrepreneurial decisions and liquidity constraints . RAND Journal of Economics , 25 : 334 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association of Universities . 1993 . International handbook of universities , 13th ed , New York : Stockton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , S. , Sensoy , B. and Strömberg , P. 2002 . How well do venture capital databases reflect actual investments? Unpublished manuscript, University of Chicago
   Google Scholar
• Kenney , M. 1986 . Biotechnology: The university–industrial complex , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kenney , M. and Goe , W. R. 2004 . The role of social embeddedness in professorial entrepreneurship: A comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford . Research Policy , 33 : 691 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepper , S. 2001 . Employee start-ups in high-tech industries . Industrial and Corporate Change , 10 : 639 – 674 .
   Google Scholar
• Klofsten , M. and Jones-Evans , D. 2000 . Comparing academic entrepreneurship in Europe – The case of Sweden and Ireland . Small Business Economics , 14 : 299 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner , J. 1995 . Venture capitalists and the oversight of private firms . Journal of Finance , 50 : 301 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , P. H. 1996 . Yet again, Wall Street is charmed by the internet . New York Times , April 3
   Google Scholar
• Louis , K. S. , Blumenthal , D. , Gluck , M. E. and Soto , M. A. 1989 . Entrepreneurs in academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists . Administrative Science Quarterly , 34 : 110 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , R. and Gonzalez-Brambila , C. 2007 . Faculty entrepreneurs and research productivity . Journal of Technology Transfer , 32 : 173 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen , D. H. and Wallmark , J. T. 1982 . Spin-off companies from Chalmers University of Technology . Technovation , 1 : 305 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerkar , A. and Shane , S. 2003 . When do start-ups that exploit patented academic knowledge survive? . International Journal of Industrial Organization , 21 : 1391 – 1410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shea , R. P. , Allen , T. J. , Chevalier , A. and Roche , F. 2005 . Entrepreneurial orientation, technology transfer and spinoff performance of US universities . Research Policy , 34 : 994 – 1009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirnay , F. , Surlemont , B. and Nlemvo , F. 2003 . Toward a typology of university spin-offs . Small Business Economics , 21 : 355 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , P. , Storey , D. J. and Westhead , P. 1994 . Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates . Regional Studies , 28 : 443 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , E. B. 1991 . Entrepreneurs in high technology: Lessons from MIT and beyond , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , E. B. and Malone , D. E. 1996 . Policies and structures for spinning off new companies from research and development organizations . R&D Management , 26 : 17 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , N. and Nelson , R. R. 1994 . American research universities and technical advance in industry . Research Policy , 23 : 323 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxenian , A. 1994 . Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shane , S. 2004 . Academic entrepreneurship: University spinoffs and wealth creation , Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Shane , S. and Cable , D. 2002 . Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures . Management Science , 48 : 364 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane , S. and Stuart , T. 2002 . Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups . Management Science , 48 : 154 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane , S. and Venkataraman , S. 2000 . The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research . Academy of Management Review , 25 : 217 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilor , R. W. , Gibson , D. V. and Dietrich , G. B. 1990 . University spin-out companies: Technology start-ups from UT-Austin . Journal of Business Venturing , 5 : 63 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson , O. and Stuart , T. 2001 . Syndication networks and the spatial distribution of venture capital . American Journal of Sociology , 106 : 1546 – 1590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart , T. and Ding , W. 2006 . When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences . American Journal of Sociology , 112 : 97 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensen , M. , Rogers , E. M. and Speakman , K. 2000 . Spin-offs from research centers at a research university . Journal of Business Venturing , 15 : 93 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toole , A. A. and Czarnitzki , D. 2007 . Biomedical academic entrepreneurship through the SBIR program . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 63 : 716 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyebjee , T. T. and Bruno , A. V. 1984 . A model of venture capitalist investment activity . Management Science , 30 : 1051 – 1066 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VentureOne Corporation . 2000 . The VentureOne venture capital sourcebook , San Francisco, CA : VentureOne Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• VentureOne Corporation . 2001 . Venture capital industry report , San Francisco, CA : VentureOne Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. 2003 . High-tech start-ups and industry dynamics in Silicon Valley , San Francisco, CA : Public Policy Institute of California .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. 2007a . Access to venture capital and the performance of high-tech start-ups in Silicon Valley . Economic Development Quarterly , 21 : 124 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. 2007b . A study of academic entrepreneurs using venture capital data IZA Discussion Paper 2292
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. 2008 . “ Easier access to venture capital in Silicon Valley: Some empirical evidence ” . In Overcoming barriers to entrepreneurship in the United States , Edited by: Furchtgott-Roth , D. 15 – 45 . Lanham, MD : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. Forthcoming . The performance of university spin-offs: An exploratory analysis using venture capital data . Journal of Technology Transfer , Prepublished online at http://www.springerlink.com/content/r81626u682v73763/fulltext.pdf (accessed August 12, 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Zook , M. A. 2005 . The geography of the internet industry: Venture capital, dot-coms, and local knowledge , Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , L. G. , Darby , M. R. and Armstrong , J. S. 1998 . Geographically localized knowledge: Spillovers or markets? . Economic Inquiry , 36 : 65 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , L. G. , Darby , M. R. and Brewer , M. B. 1998 . Intellectual human capital and the birth of US biotechnology enterprises . American Economic Review , 88 : 290 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar