Publication Cover
Venture Capital
An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Volume 22, 2020 - Issue 1
773
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? An empirical study of how entrepreneurs, managers, and investors evaluate business opportunities at the earliest stages

&
Pages 71-104 | Received 05 Dec 2017, Accepted 05 Sep 2018, Published online: 23 Oct 2018

References

  • Alvarez, S. A., and L. W. Busenitz. 2001. “The Entrepreneurship of Resource-Based Theory.” Journal of Management 27 (6): 755–775. doi:10.1177/014920630102700609.
  • Amihud, Y., and B. Lev. 1981. “Risk Reduction as a Managerial Motive for Conglomerate Mergers.” The Bell Journal of Economics 12 (2): 605–617. doi:10.2307/3003575.
  • Apospori, E., N. Papalexandris, and E. Galanaki. 2005. “Entrepreneurial and Professional CEOs: Differences in Motive and Responsibility Profile.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 26 (2): 141–162. doi:10.1108/01437730510582572.
  • Baron, R. A. 2007. “Behavioral and Cognitive Factors in Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the Active Element in New Venture Creation.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1 (1–2): 167–182. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1932-443X.
  • Baron, R. A., and M. D. Ensley. 2006. “Opportunity Recognition as the Detection of Meaningful Patterns: Evidence from Comparisons of Novice and Experienced Entrepreneurs.” Management Science 52 (9): 1331–1344. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0538.
  • Barrow, C., P. Barrow, and R. Brown. 2001. The Business Plan Workbook. 4th ed. London: Kogan Page.
  • Becker, G. S. 1994. “Human Capital Revisited.” In Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, 15–28. 3rd ed. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago press.
  • Boeker, W., and R. Karichalil. 2002. “Entrepreneurial Transitions: Factors Influencing Founder Departure.” Academy of Management Journal 45 (4): 818–826.
  • Brett, J. M., M. Olekalns, R. Friedman, N. Goates, C. Anderson, and C. C. Lisco. 2007. “Sticks and Stones: Language, Face, and Online Dispute Resolution.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (1): 85–99. doi:10.5465/amj.2007.24161853.
  • Brockhaus, R. H. 1976. “Risk Taking Propensity of Entrepreneurs.” Academy of Management Proceedings (1976 (1): 457–460. doi:10.5465/ambpp.1976.4975934.
  • Brockhaus, R. H. 1980. “Risk Taking Propensity of Entrepreneurs.” Academy of Management Journal 23 (3): 509–520.
  • Brockhaus, R. H., and W. R. Nord. 1979. “An Exploration of Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Decision: Personal Characteristic Vs. Environmental Conditions.” Academy of Management Proceedings (1979 (1): 364–368. doi:10.5465/ambpp.1979.4977621.
  • Busenitz, L. W., and J. B. Barney. 1997. “Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making.” Journal of Business Venturing 12 (1): 9–30. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00003-1.
  • Cable, D. M., and S. Shane. 1997. “A Prisoner’s Dilemma Approach to Entrepreneur-Venture Capitalist Relationships.” The Academy of Management Review 22 (1): 142–176. doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9707180262.
  • Chen, X.-P., X. Yao, and S. Kotha. 2009. “Entrepreneur Passion and Preparedness in Business Plan Presentations: A Persuasion Analysis of Venture Capitalists’ Funding Decisions.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (1): 199–214. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.36462018.
  • Clarke, J., and J. Cornelissen. 2011. “Language, Communication, and Socially Situated Cognition in Entrepreneurship.” Academy of Management Review 36 (4): 776–778.
  • Crilly, D., M. Hansen, and M. Zollo. 2016. “The Grammar of Decoupling: A Cognitive-Linguistic Perspective on Firms’ Sustainability Claims and Stakeholders’ Interpretation.” Academy of Management Journal. 59 (2), 705–729.
  • Davidsson, P., and B. Honig. 2003. “The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (3): 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6.
  • DeGennaro, R. 2012. “Angel Investors and Their Investments.” In The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurial Finance, edited by D. Cumming, 392–423. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Delmar, F., and S. Shane. 2003. “Does Business Planning Facilitate the Development of New Ventures?” Strategic Management Journal 24 (12): 1165–1185. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • Dencker, J. C., and M. Gruber. 2015. “The Effects of Opportunities and Founder Experience on New Firm Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 36 (7): 1035–1052. doi:10.1002/smj.2015.36.issue-7.
  • Dimov, D. 2010. “Nascent Entrepreneurs and Venture Emergence: Opportunity Confidence, Human Capital, and Early Planning.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (6): 1123–1153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00874.x.
  • Dimov, D. P., and D. A. Shepherd. 2005. “Human Capital Theory and Venture Capital Firms: Exploring “Home Runs” and “Strike Outs”.” Journal of Business Venturing 20 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.007.
  • Dutton, J. E., and S. E. Jackson. 1987. “Categorizing Strategic Issues: Links to Organizational Action.” The Academy of Management Review 12 (1): 76–90. doi:10.5465/amr.1987.4306483.
  • Fauchart, E., and M. Gruber. 2011. “Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship.” Academy of Management Journal 54 (5): 935–957. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.0211.
  • Feldman, M., M. Kenney, and F. Lissoni. 2015. “The New Data Frontier: Special Issue of Research Policy.” Research Policy 44 (9): 1629–1632. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.02.007.
  • Foo, M.-D. 2010. “Member Experience, Use of External Assistance and Evaluation of Business Ideas.” Journal of Small Business Management 48 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1540-627X.
  • Foo, M.-D., H.-P. Sin, and L.-P. Yiong. 2006. “Effects of Team Inputs and Intrateam Processes on Perceptions of Team Viability and Member Satisfaction in Nascent Ventures.” Strategic Management Journal 27 (4): 389–399. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • Foo, M.-D., P. K. Wong, and A. Ong. 2005. “Do Others Think You Have a Viable Business Idea? Team Diversity and Judges’ Evaluation of Ideas in a Business Plan Competition.” Journal of Business Venturing 20 (3): 385–402. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.04.001.
  • Franke, N., M. Gruber, D. Harhoff, and J. Henkel. 2006. “What You Are Is What You Like: Similarity Biases in Venture Capitalists’ Evaluations of Start-Up Teams.” Journal of Business Venturing 21 (6): 802–826. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.07.001.
  • Franke, N., M. Gruber, D. Harhoff, and J. Henkel. 2008. “Venture Capitalists’ Evaluations of Start-Up Teams: Trade-Offs, Knock-Out Criteria, and the Impact of VC Experience.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (3): 459–483. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00236.x.
  • Gamache, D. L., G. McNamara, M. J. Mannor, and R. E. Johnson. 2015. “Motivated to Acquire? the Impact of CEO Regulatory Focus on Firm Acquisitions.” Academy of Management Journal 58 (4): 1261–1282. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0377.
  • Grichnik, D., J. Brinckmann, L. Singh, and S. Manigart. 2014. “Beyond Environmental Scarcity: Human and Social Capital as Driving Forces of Bootstrapping Activities.” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (2): 310–326. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.02.006.
  • Gruber, M. 2007. “Uncovering the Value of Planning in New Venture Creation: A Process and Contingency Perspective.” Journal of Business Venturing 22 (6): 782–807. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.07.001.
  • Gruber, M., S. M. Kim, and J. Brinckmann. 2010. “How Experience Shapes the Subjective Evaluation of Business Opportunities.” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 30 (6): 3.
  • Gruber, M., S. M. Kim, and J. Brinckmann. 2015. “What Is an Attractive Business Opportunity? an Empirical Study of Opportunity Evaluation Decisions by Technologists, Managers, and Entrepreneurs.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 9 (3): 205–225. doi:10.1002/sej.1196.
  • Haeussler, C., D. Harhoff, and E. Mueller. 2014. “How Patenting Informs VC Investors – The Case of Biotechnology.” Research Policy 43 (8): 1286–1298. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.03.012.
  • Hambrick, D. C., T. S. Cho, and M.-J. Chen. 1996. “The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firms’ Competitive Moves.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (4): 659–684. doi:10.2307/2393871.
  • Haynie, J. M., D. A. Shepherd, and J. S. McMullen. 2009. “An Opportunity for Me? the Role of Resources in Opportunity Evaluation Decisions.” Journal of Management Studies 46 (3): 337–361. doi:10.1111/joms.2009.46.issue-3.
  • Hessels, J., M. Gelderen, and R. Thurik. 2008. “Entrepreneurial Aspirations, Motivations, and Their Drivers.” Small Business Economics 31 (3): 323–339. doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9134-x.
  • Higgins, M. C., and R. Gulati. 2003. “Getting off to a Good Start: The Effects of Upper Echelon Affiliations on Underwriter Prestige.” Organization Science 14 (3): 244–263. doi:10.1287/orsc.14.2.244.15160.
  • Higgins, M. J., P. E. Stephan, and J. G. Thursby. 2011. “Conveying Quality and Value in Emerging Industries: Star Scientists and the Role of Signals in Biotechnology.” Research Policy 40 (4): 605–617. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.01.006.
  • Hogenraad, R. 2005. “What the Words of War Can Tell Us about the Risk of War.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 11 (2): 137–151. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac1102_2.
  • Holtzman, N. S., S. Vazire, and M. R. Mehl. 2010. “Sounds like a Narcissist: Behavioral Manifestations of Narcissism in Everyday Life.” Journal of Research in Personality 44 (4): 478–484. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.001.
  • Hsu, D. H. 2004. “What Do Entrepreneurs Pay for Venture Capital Affiliation?” The Journal of Finance 59 (4): 1805–1844. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00680.x.
  • Hsu, D. H., and R. H. Ziedonis. 2008. “Patents as Quality Signals for Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Academy of Management Proceedings (2008 (1): 1–6. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2008.33653924.
  • Kaplan, S. N., B. A. Sensoy, and P. Strömberg. 2009. “Should Investors Bet on the Jockey or the Horse? Evidence from the Evolution of Firms from Early Business Plans to Public Companies.” The Journal of Finance 64 (1): 75–115. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01429.x.
  • Kenney, M., and D. Patton. 2015. “Gender, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in Initial Public Offerings: Illustrations from an Open Database.” Research Policy 44 (9): 1773–1784. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.003.
  • Kirsch, D., B. Goldfarb, and A. Gera. 2009. “Form or Substance: The Role of Business Plans in Venture Capital Decision Making.” Strategic Management Journal 30 (5): 487–515. doi:10.1002/smj.v30:5.
  • Knockaert, M., B. Clarysse, and M. Wright. 2010. “The Extent and Nature of Heterogeneity of Venture Capital Selection Behaviour in New Technology-Based Firms.” R&D Management 40 (4): 357–371. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00607.x.
  • Konnikova, M. 2015. “What Your Tweets Say about You.” The New Yorker, March 17. Accessed 25 February 2016. http://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/can-tweets-predict-heart-disease
  • Laureiro-Martínez, D., N. Canessa, S. Brusoni, M. Zollo, T. Hare, F. Alemanno, and S. F. Cappa. 2014. “Frontopolar Cortex and Decision-Making Efficiency: Comparing Brain Activity of Experts with Different Professional Background during an Exploration-Exploitation Task.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (Article 927): 1–10. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00927.
  • Lee, D. Y., and E. W. K. Tsang. 2001. “The Effects of Entrepreneurial Personality, Background and Network Activities on Venture Growth.” Journal of Management Studies 38 (4): 583–602. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00250.
  • Low, M. B., and I. C. Macmillan. 1988. “Entrepreneurship - past Research and Future Challenges.” Journal of Management 14 (2): 139–161. doi:10.1177/014920638801400202.
  • Macmillan, I. C., R. Siegel, and P. N. S. Narasimha. 1985. “Criteria Used by Venture Capitalists to Evaluate New Venture Proposals.” Journal of Business Venturing 1 (1): 119–128. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(85)90011-4.
  • Manigart, S., K. De Waele, M. Wright, K. Robbie, P. Desbrières, H. J. Sapienza, and A. Beekman. 2002. “Determinants of Required Return in Venture Capital Investments: A Five-Country Study.” Journal of Business Venturing 17 (4): 291–312. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00067-7.
  • Mason, C., and M. Stark. 2004. “What Do Investors Look for in a Business Plan?: A Comparison of the Investment Criteria of Bankers, Venture Capitalists and Business Angels.” International Small Business Journal 22 (3): 227–248. doi:10.1177/0266242604042377.
  • McClelland, D. C. 1961. The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
  • McGrath, R. G., and I. Macmillan. 2000. The Entrepreneurial Mindset: Strategies for Continuously Creating Opportunity in an Age of Uncertainty. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press.
  • McMullen, J. S., and D. A. Shepherd. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Action and the Role of Uncertainty in the Theory of the Entrepreneur.” Academy of Management Review 31 (1): 132–152. doi:10.5465/amr.2006.19379628.
  • McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
  • Megginson, W. L., and K. A. Weiss. 1991. “Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings.” The Journal of Finance 46 (3): 879–903. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03770.x.
  • Miner, J. B., N. R. Smith, and J. S. Bracker. 1989. “Role of Entrepreneurial Task Motivation in the Growth of Technologically Innovative Firms.” Journal of Applied Psychology 74 (4): 554–560. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.554.
  • Moss, T. W., D. O. Neubaum, and M. Meyskens. 2015. “The Effect of Virtuous and Entrepreneurial Orientations on Microfinance Lending and Repayment: A Signaling Theory Perspective.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 39 (1): 27–52. doi:10.1111/etap.2015.39.issue-1.
  • Nadkarni, S., and J. Chen. 2014. “Bridging Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: CEO Temporal Focus, Environmental Dynamism, and Rate of New Product Introduction.” Academy of Management Journal 57 (6): 1810–1833. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0401.
  • Olson, P. D., and D. A. Bosserman. 1984. “Attributes of the Entrepreneurial Type.” Business Horizons 27 (3): 53–56. doi:10.1016/0007-6813(84)90027-2.
  • Pennebaker, J. W., R. L. Boyd, K. Jordan, and K. Blackburn. 2015. The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2015. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.
  • Pennings, J. M., K. Lee, and A. V. Witteloostuijn. 1998. “Human Capital, Social Capital, and Firm Dissolution.” Academy of Management Journal 41 (4): 425–440.
  • Petty, J. S., and M. Gruber. 2011. ““In Pursuit of the Real Deal”: A Longitudinal Study of VC Decision Making.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (2): 172–188. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.07.002.
  • Pfarrer, M. D., T. G. Pollock, and V. P. Rindova. 2010. “A Tale of Two Assets: The Effects of Firm Reputation and Celebrity on Earnings Surprises and Investors’ Reactions.” Academy of Management Journal 53 (5): 1131–1152. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.54533222.
  • Phillips, N., P. Tracey, and N. Karra. 2013. “Building Entrepreneurial Tie Portfolios through Strategic Homophily: The Role of Narrative Identity Work in Venture Creation and Early Growth.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (1): 134–150. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.12.002.
  • Pontikes, E. G. 2012. “Two Sides of the Same Coin: How Ambiguous Classification Affects Multiple Audiences’ Evaluations.” Administrative Science Quarterly 57 (1): 81–118. doi:10.1177/0001839212446689.
  • Rea, R. H. 1989. “Factors Affecting Success and Failure of Seed Capital/Start-Up Negotiations.” Journal of Business Venturing 4 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(89)90028-1.
  • Rind, K. W. 1981. “The Role of Venture Capital in Corporate Development.” Strategic Management Journal 2 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • Rindova, V. P., I. O. Williamson, A. P. Petkova, and J. M. Sever. 2005. “Being Good or Being Known: An Empirical Examination of the Dimensions, Antecedents, and Consequences of Organizational Reputation.” Academy of Management Journal 48 (6): 1033–1049. doi:10.5465/amj.2005.19573108.
  • Riordan, M. A., and R. J. Kreuz. 2010. “Cues in Computer-Mediated Communication: A Corpus Analysis.” Computers in Human Behavior 26 (6): 1806–1817. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.008.
  • Ruef, M., H. E. Aldrich, and N. M. Carter. 2003. “The Structure of Founding Teams: Homophily, Strong Ties, and Isolation among U.S. Entrepreneurs.” American Sociological Review 68 (2): 195–222. doi:10.2307/1519766.
  • Schultheiss, O. C. 2013. “Are Implicit Motives Revealed in Mere Words? Testing the Marker-Word Hypothesis with Computer-Based Text Analysis.” Frontiers in Psychology 4: 748. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00186.
  • Sexton, D. L., and N. Bowman. 1985. “The Entrepreneur: A Capable Executive and More.” Journal of Business Venturing 1 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(85)90012-6.
  • Shane, S. A. 2005. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: E. Elgar.
  • Shepherd, D. A., R. Ettenson, and A. Crouch. 2000. “New Venture Strategy and Profitability: A Venture Capitalist’s Assessment.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (5–6): 449–467. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00007-X.
  • Stewart, W. H. J., and P. L. Roth. 2001. “Risk Propensity Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (1): 145–153.
  • Stewart, W. H. J., W. E. Watson, J. C. Carland, and J. W. Carland. 1999. “A Proclivity for Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of Entrepreneurs, Small Business Owners, and Corporate Managers.” Journal of Business Venturing 14 (2): 189–214. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00070-0.
  • Stuart, T. E., H. Hoang, and R. C. Hybels. 1999. “Interorganizational Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (2): 315–349. doi:10.2307/2666998.
  • Talke, K., S. Salomo, and K. Rost. 2010. “How Top Management Team Diversity Affects Innovativeness and Performance via the Strategic Choice to Focus on Innovation Fields.” Research Policy 39 (7): 907–918. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.04.001.
  • Tan, J. 2001. “Innovation and Risk-Taking in A Transitional Economy: A Comparative Study of Chinese Managers and Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 16 (4): 359–376. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00056-7.
  • Tausczik, Y. R., and J. W. Pennebaker. 2010. “The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29 (1): 24–54. doi:10.1177/0261927X09351676.
  • Tull, M. T., and L. Roemer. 2007. “Emotion Regulation Difficulties Associated with the Experience of Uncued Panic Attacks: Evidence of Experiential Avoidance, Emotional Nonacceptance, and Decreased Emotional Clarity.” Behavior Therapy 38 (4): 378–391. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.006.
  • Vesper, K. H. 1996. New Venture Experience. Seattle, WA: Vector Books.
  • Wainer, H. A., and I. M. Rubin. 1969. “Motivation of Research and Development Entrepreneurs: Determinants of Company Success.” Journal of Applied Psychology 53 (3, Pt.1): 178–184. doi:10.1037/h0027414.
  • Walsh, J. P. 1995. “Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Notes from a Trip down Memory Lane.” Organization Science 6 (3): 280–321. doi:10.1287/orsc.6.3.280.
  • Wang, J., and P. Shapira. 2009. “Partnering with Universities: A Good Choice for Nanotechnology Start-Up Firms?” Small Business Economics 38 (2): 197–215. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9248-9.
  • Wasserman, N. 2012. The Founder’s Dilemmas: Anticipating and Avoiding the Pitfalls that Can Sink a Startup. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Willard, G. E., D. A. Krueger, and H. R. Feeser. 1992. “In Order to Grow, Must the Founder Go: A Comparison of Performance between Founder and Non-Founder Managed High-Growth Manufacturing Firms.” Journal of Business Venturing 7 (3): 181–194. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(92)90025-M.
  • Williams, D. W., and M. S. Wood. 2015. “Rule-Based Reasoning for Understanding Opportunity Evaluation.” The Academy of Management Perspectives 29 (2): 218–236. doi:10.5465/amp.2013.0017.
  • Winter, D. G. 2005. “Things I’ve Learned about Personality from Studying Political Leaders at a Distance.” Journal of Personality 73 (3): 557–584. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00321.x.
  • Winter, D. G. 2011. “Philosopher-King or Polarizing Politician? A Personality Profile of Barack Obama.” Political Psychology 32 (6): 1059–1081. doi:10.1111/pops.2011.32.issue-6.
  • Wolfe, M. T., and D. A. Shepherd. 2015. ““Bouncing Back” from a Loss: Entrepreneurial Orientation, Emotions, and Failure Narratives.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 39 (3): 675–700. doi:10.1111/etap.2015.39.issue-3.
  • Wood, M. S., A. McKelvie, and J. M. Haynie. 2014. “Making It Personal: Opportunity Individuation and the Shaping of Opportunity Beliefs.” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (2): 252–272. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.02.001.
  • Wry, T., and M. Lounsbury. 2013. “Contextualizing the Categorical Imperative: Category Linkages, Technology Focus, and Resource Acquisition in Nanotechnology Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (1): 117–133. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.001.
  • Zacharakis, A. L., and D. A. Shepherd. 2001. “The Nature of Information and Overconfidence on Venture Capitalists’ Decision Making.” Journal of Business Venturing 16 (4): 311–332. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00052-X.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.