Shared mental models: a new approach to understanding entrepreneurs’ and investors’ representations

References

• Abel, N., H. Ross, and P. Walker. 1998. “Mental Models in Rangeland Research, Communication and Management.” The Rangeland Journal 20 (1): 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ9980077.
   Google Scholar
• Assunção, E. R. G. T. R., F. A. F. Ferreira, I. Meidutė-Kavaliauskienė, C. Zopounidis, L. F. Pereira, and R. J. C. Correia. 2020. “Rethinking Urban Sustainability Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping and System Dynamics.” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 27 (3): 261‑275. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1722973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod, R. 1976. Structure of Decision. Princeton University Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/39229.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, P. S., J. L. Stimpert, and A. S. Huff. 1992. “Cognitive Change, Strategic Action, and Organizational Renewal.” Strategic Management Journal 13 (S1): 15‑36. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250131004.
   Google Scholar
• Barthe, J.-F., N. Chauvac, and M. Grossetti. 2016. “Entrepreneurs de circonstance : Une enquête sociologique sur les fondateurs de start-up en France.” Revue de lEntrepreneuriat 15 (3): 163‑180. https://doi.org/10.3917/entre.153.0163.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, J. R., E. A. Locke, and S. A. Kirkpatrick. 1998. “A Longitudinal Study of the Relation of Vision and Vision Communication to Venture Growth in Entrepreneurial Firms.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1): 43‑54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, C. 2016. “La relation entre entrepreneurs et investisseurs en Europe et en Amérique.” Le journal de l’ecole de Paris du management 121 (5): 29‑35. https://doi.org/10.3917/jepam.121.0029.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, S., and B. Dorf. 2020. The Startup Owner’s Manual : The Step-By-Step Guide for Building a Great Company. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. M. 1992. “Cognitive Mapping and Repertory Grids for Qualitative Survey Research: Some Comparative Observations.” Journal of Management Studies 29 (3): 287‑307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00666.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable, D. M., and S. Shane. 1997. “A Prisoner’s Dilemma Approach to Entrepreneur-Venture Capitalist Relationships.” The Academy of Management Review 22 (1): 142‑176. https://doi.org/10.2307/259227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon-Bowers, J. A., and E. Salas. 2001. “Reflections on Shared Cognition.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 22 (2): 195‑202. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.82.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon-Bowers, J. A., E. Salas, and S. Converse. 1993. “Shared Mental Models in Expert Team Decision Making.” In Individual and Group Decision Making : Current Issues, edited by Castellan Jr, 221–246. Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Carley, K., and M. Palmquist. 1992. “Extracting, Representing, and Analyzing Mental Models.” Social Forces 70 (3): 601‑636. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassell, C., and G. Symon. 2004. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280119.
   Google Scholar
• Certhoux, G., and E. Zenou. 2006. “Gouvernance et dynamique de l’actionnariat en situation entrepreneuriale : Le cas des Business Angels.” Revue de lEntrepreneuriat 5 (1): 13‑29. https://doi.org/10.3917/entre.051.0013.
   Google Scholar
• Charreaux, G. 2011. Quelle théorie pour la gouvernance?De la gouvernance actionnariale à la gouvernance cognitive et comportementale. Working Papers CREGO (N^o 1110402; Working Papers CREGO). Université de Bourgogne - CREGO EA7317 Centre de recherches en gestion des organisations. https://ideas.repec.org/p/dij/wpfarg/1110402.html.
   Google Scholar
• Cossette, P. 1994. Développement d’une méthode systématique d’aide à la mise au point de la vision stratégique chez le propriétaire-dirigeant de PME : Une étude exploratoire. 73‑81. http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=6450913.
   Google Scholar
• Cossette, P. 1996. “La vision stratégique du propriétaire-dirigeant de PME : Étude de cartographie cognitive.” Revue internationale PME Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise 9 (1): 123‑142. https://doi.org/10.7202/1008257ar.
   Google Scholar
• Cossette, P. 2008. “La cartographie cognitive vue d’une perspective subjectiviste : Mise à l’épreuve d’une nouvelle approche.” M@n@gement 11 (3): 259‑281. https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.113.0259.
   Google Scholar
• DeChurch, L. A., and J. R. Mesmer-Magnus. 2010. “Measuring Shared Team Mental Models: A Meta-Analysis.” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research & Practice 14 (1): 1‑14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne, S. D., H. Sayama, C. Hao, and B. J. Bush. 2010. “The Role of Leadership in Shared Mental Model Convergence and Team Performance Improvement: An Agent-Based Computational Model.” The Leadership Quarterly 21 (6): 1035‑1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden, C. 1992. “On the Nature of Cognitive Maps.” Journal of Management Studies 29 (3): 261–265. Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00664.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden, C., and F. Ackermann. 2004. “Cognitive Mapping Expert Views for Policy Analysis in the Public Sector.” European Journal of Operational Research 152 (3): 615‑630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00061-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, B., T. Erikson, and A. Parhankangas. 2016. “Preventing Dysfunctional Conflict: Examining the Relationship Between Different Types of Managerial Conflict in Venture Capital-Backed Firms.” Venture Capital 18 (4): 279‑296. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2016.1224457.
   Google Scholar
• Gosling, P., and F. Ric. 1996. Psychologie sociale : Approches du sujet social et des relations interpersonnelles, Vol. 2. Paris: Editions Bréal.
   Google Scholar
• Hafied, F. 2019. Capital-risque et financement de l’innovation : Évaluation des startups, modes de financement, montages. Louvain-la-Neuve, France: De Boeck Superieur.
   Google Scholar
• Hambrick, D. C., and P. A. Mason. 1984. “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers.” Academy of Management Review 9 (2): 193‑206. https://doi.org/10.2307/258434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel, R., and R. Visser. 2019. “Explaining Effective Team-Vision Development in Small, Entrepreneurial Teams: A Shared Mental Models Approach.” Journal of Small Business Strategy 5 (1): 1‑5.
   Google Scholar
• Jehn, K. A. 1995. “A Multimethod Examination of the Benefits and Detriments of Intragroup Conflict.” Administrative Science Quarterly 40 (2): 256‑282. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. C., and W. H. Meckling. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure ( SSRN Scholarly Paper No 94043). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.94043
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1980. “Mental Models in Cognitive Science.” Cognitive Science 4 (1): 71–115. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0401_4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1983. Mental Models : Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. E., Y. Lee, M. Lee, D. L. O’Connor, M. K. Khalil, and X. Huang. 2007. “Measuring Sharedness of Team-Related Knowledge: Design and Validation of a Shared Mental Model Instrument.” Human Resource Development International 10 (4): 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860701723802.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. 2003. “A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality.” American Psychologist 58 (9): 697‑720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, M., and E. S. C. Berger. 2021. “Trust in the Investor Relationship Marketing of Startups: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda.” Management Review Quarterly 71 (2): 491‑517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00191-9.
   Google Scholar
• Klimoski, R., and S. Mohammed. 1994. “Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor?” Journal of Management 20 (2): 403–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639402000206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, D., C. L. Pearce, K. G. Smith, J. D. Olian, H. P. Sims, K. A. Smith, and P. Flood. 1999. “Top Management Team Diversity, Group Process, and Strategic Consensus.” Strategic Management Journal 20 (5): 445–465. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199905)20:5<445:AID-SMJ27>3.0.CO;2-V.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langfield-Smith, K. 1992. “Exploring the Need for a Shared Cognitive Map.” Journal of Management Studies 29 (3): 349‑368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00669.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukkanen, M. 1989. Understanding the Formation of managers’ Cognitive Maps : A Comparative Case Study of Context Traces in Two Business Firm Clusters. Helsinki School of Economics. https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi:443/handle/123456789/33194.
   Google Scholar
• Laukkanen, M. 1994. “Comparative Cause Mapping of Organizational Cognitions.” Organization Science 5 (3): 322‑343. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.3.322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markoczy, L. 1997. “Measuring Beliefs: Accept No Substitutes.” Academy of Management Journal 40 (5): 1228–1242. https://doi.org/10.2307/256934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu, J. E., T. S. Heffner, G. F. Goodwin, J. A. Cannon-Bowers, and E. Salas. 2005. “Scaling the Quality of teammates’ Mental Models: Equifinality and Normative Comparisons.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (1): 37‑56. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu, J. E., T. S. Heffner, G. F. Goodwin, E. Salas, and J. A. Cannon-Bowers. 2000. “The Influence of Shared Mental Models on Team Process and Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2): 273‑283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, R. C., J. H. Davis, and F. D. Schoorman. 1995. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 709‑734. https://doi.org/10.2307/258792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComb, S. A. 2007. “Mental Model Convergence : The Shift from Being an Individual to Being a Team Member.” In Multi-Level Issues in Organizations and Time, edited by F. Dansereau and F. J. Yammarino, Vol. 6, 95‑147. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1475-9144(07)06005-5.
   Google Scholar
• Meyssonnier, F. 2015. “Les dispositifs de pilotage de la performance en environnement innovant et incertain : Étude comparative de huit startups.” Revue Internationale PME 28 (3‑4): 171‑193. https://doi.org/10.7202/1035414ar.
   Google Scholar
• Middelhoff, J., R. Mauer, and M. Brettel. 2014. “Antecedents of entrepreneurs’ Trust in Their Investor in the Postinvestment Phase – Do Something Good!” Venture Capital 16 (4): 327‑347. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2014.988381.
   Google Scholar
• Minionis, D. P. 1995. “Nhancing Team Perfor- Mance in Adverse Conditions: The Role of Shared Team Mental Models and Team Training on an Inter- Dependent Task.” Dissertation Abstracts Interna- Tional: Section B Sciences and Engineering 56 (2): 1139.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, S., and E. Ringseis. 2001. “Cognitive Diversity and Consensus in Group Decision Making: The Role of Inputs, Processes, and Outcomes.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 85 (2): 310‑335. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovici, S. 2000. Psychologie sociale des relations à autrui, edited by Serge Moscovici, 304. 2nd ed. Paris: Nathan.
   Google Scholar
• Murnieks, C. Y., J. M. Haynie, R. E. Wiltbank, and T. Harting. 2011. “‘I Like How You Think’: Similarity as an Interaction Bias in the Investor–Entrepreneur Dyad.” Journal of Management Studies 48 (7): 1533‑1561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00992.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, D. L., T. E. Johnson, and M. K. Khalil. 2004. Measuring Team Cognition: Concept Mapping Elicitation as a Means of Constucting Team Shared Mental Models in an Applied Setting. Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concept Mapping, Vol. 1, 487‑494. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5600262.
   Google Scholar
• Pouget, J., and É. Stephany. 2002. “Gouvernance de la relation capital risqueur—Entrepreneur.” 24.
   Google Scholar
• Rapert, M. I., A. Velliquette, and J. A. Garretson. 2002. “The Strategic Implementation Process: Evoking Strategic Consensus Through Communication.” Journal of Business Research 55 (4): 301‑310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00157-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redis, J. 2009. Finance entrepreneuriale : Le créateur d’entreprise et les investisseurs en capital. Bruxelles: De Boeck Supérieur.
   Google Scholar
• Rentsch, J. R., and R. J. Klimoski. 2001. “Why Do ‘Great minds’ Think Alike?: Antecedents of Team Member Schema Agreement.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 22 (2): 107‑120. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.81.
   Google Scholar
• Ritter, J. R. 2003. “Behavioral Finance.” Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 11 (4): 429‑437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-538X(03)00048-9.
   Google Scholar
• Rittman, A. L. 2004. “A Comparison of Team Train- Ing Strategies for Team Effectiveness.” Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B Sciences and Engineering 65 (5): 2679.
   Google Scholar
• Rouse, W. B., and N. M. Morris. 1986. “On Looking into the Black Box: Prospects and Limits in the Search for Mental Models.” Psychological Bulletin 100 (3): 349‑363. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D. M., S. B. Sitkin, R. S. Burt, and C. Camerer. 1998. “Not so Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust.” Academy of Management Review 23 (3): 393‑404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapienza, H. J. 1992. “When Do Venture Capitalists Add Value?” Journal of Business Venturing 7 (1): 9‑27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(92)90032-M.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senge, P. M. 1992. “Mental Models.” Planning Review 20 (2): 4‑44. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054349.
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd, D. A., and A. Zacharakis. 2001. “The Venture Capitalist-Entrepreneur Relationship: Control, Trust and Confidence in Co-Operative Behaviour.” Venture Capital 3 (2): 129‑149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691060110042763.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, E. R. 1998. “Mental representation and memory.“ In The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindsey, Vol. 2, 391–445. Boston: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Jentsch, K. A., J. E. Mathieu, and K. Kraiger. 2005. “Investigating Linear and Interactive Effects of Shared Mental Models on Safety and Efficiency in a Field Setting.” Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (3): 523‑535. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spicer, D. P. 1998. “Linking Mental Models and Cognitive Maps as an Aid to Organisational Learning.” Career Development International 3 (3): 125‑132. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620439810211126.
   Google Scholar
• Stout, R. J., J. A. Cannon-Bowers, E. Salas, and D. M. Milanovich. 1999. “Planning, Shared Mental Models, and Coordinated Performance: An Empirical Link is Established.” Human Factors 41 (1): 61‑71. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872099779577273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarillon, C. 2021. “Vers une gouvernance coercitive pour soutenir la croissance des start-up?” Revue française de gestion N° 299 (6): 163‑183. https://doi.org/10.3166/rfg.2021.00547.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, E. C., A. K. Schnackenberg, D. Dawley, and S. R. Ash. 2020. “Revisiting the Trustworthiness–Trust Relationship: Exploring the Differential Predictors of Cognition- and Affect-Based Trust.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 41 (6): 535‑550. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bossche, P., W. Gijselaers, M. Segers, G. Woltjer, and P. Kirschner. 2011. “Team Learning: Building Shared Mental Models.” Instructional Science 39 (3): 283‑301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-010-9128-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz, P. 2011. “The Cognitive Dimension of Corporate Governance in Fast Growing Entrepreneurial Firms.” European Management Journal 29 (6): 431‑447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2011.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yitshaki, R. 2012. “Relational Norms and entrepreneurs’ Confidence in Venture capitalists’ Cooperation: The Mediating Role of Venture capitalists’ Strategic and Managerial Involvement.” Venture Capital 14 (1): 43‑59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2012.662839.
   Google Scholar
• Ziemiański, P., K. Stankiewicz, M. T. Tomczak, and B. Krawczyk-Bryłka. 2021. “The Congruence of Mental Models in Entrepreneurial Teams – Implications for Performance and Satisfaction in Teams Operating in an Emerging Economy.” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 15 (1): 32–45. ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-02-2020-0033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar