Whose voice is heard in online deliberation?: A study of participation and representation in political debates on the internet

References

• Barber , B. R. 1995 . “ Participatory democracy ” . In The Encyclopedia of Democracy , Edited by: Lipset , S. M. 921 – 924 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Beierle , T. C. 2002 . “ Resources for the Future ” . In Democracy On-line. An Evaluation of the National Dialogue on Public Involvement in EPA Decisions Washington, DC [Online] Available at: http://www.rff.org (17 July 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , S. E. and Bennett , L. L. M. 1986 . Political participation . Annual Review of Political Science , 1 : 157 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumler , J. G. and Gurevitch , M. 2001 . The new media and our political communication discontents: democratizing cyberspace . Information, Communication & Society , 4 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabinet Office . 2002 . In the Service of Democracy. A Consultation Paper on a Policy for Electronic Democracy , Cabinet Office of HM Government, London [Online] Available at: http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/servicefirst/2000/consult/code/ConsultationCode.htm (17 August 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Caltech–MIT Voting Technology Project . 2001 . Voting – What Is, What Could Be , Pasadena, CA and Cambridge, MA : California Institute of Technology and MIT .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , S. 2003 . “ The future of the Internet and democracy beyond metaphors, towards policy ” . In Promise and Problems of E-Democracy: Challenges of Online Citizen Engagement , Edited by: OECD . 143 – 162 . Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , S. 2004 . Connecting parliament to the public via the Internet: two case studies of online consultations . Information, Communication & Society , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , S. and Gøtze , J. 2001 . Bowling Together: Online Public Engagement in Policy Deliberation , London : Hansard Society .
   Google Scholar
• Dahlberg , L. 2001a . The Internet and democratic discourse: exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere . Information, Communication & Society , 4 : 615 – 633 .
   Google Scholar
• Dahlberg , L. 2001b . Computer-mediated communication and the public sphere: a critical analysis . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 7 [Online] Available at: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol7/issue1/dahlberg.html (17 August 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Danet , B. 1998 . “ Text as mask: gender, play, and performance on the Internet ” . In Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community , Edited by: Jones , S. G. 129 – 158 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. 1999 . The Web of Politics. The Internet's Impact on the American Political System , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Democracy Design Workshop . 2003 . Comparative deliberation practices: a study of mediated citizen communication processes . Project Description. [Online] Available at: http://www.nyls.edu/docs/citizen_part_desc.pdf (2 April 2004)
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio , P. and Hargittai , E. 2001 . From the ‘Digital Divide’ to ‘Digital Inequality’: Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases , Working Paper No. 15, Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio , P. , Hargittai , E. , Neuman , W. R. and Robinson , J. P. 2001 . Social implications of the Internet . Annual Review of Sociology , 27 : 307 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryzek , J. S. 1990 . Discursive Democracy. Politics, Policy, and Political Science , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dutton , W. H. 1996 . Network rules of order: regulating speech in public electronic fora . Media, Culture & Society , 18 : 269 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forschungsgruppe Wahlen Online . 2003 . Internet-Strukturdaten IV. Quartal , [Online] Available at: http://www.fgw-online.de/Ergebnisse/Strukturdaten_Internet/Strukturdaten_2002–12.pdf (17 August 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , D. Models of democracy: participatory, liberal and electronic democracy . paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops . 28 March–2 April , Edinburgh, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , O. W. 2002 . “ Bürgerbeteiligung an der Kommunalpolitik ” . In Bürgerschaftliches Engagement und Zivilgesellschaft 121 – 160 . Enquete-Kommission ‘Zukunft des Bürgerschaftlichen Engagements’ des Deutschen Bundestages, Leske und Budrich, Opladen
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , O. W. and Mößner , A. 2002 . “ Partizipation ” . In Innovation @ Infrastruktur. Informations- und Dienstleistungsstrukturen der Zukunft , Edited by: Kubicek , H. , Klumpp , D. , Büllesbach , A. , Fuchs , G. and Roßnagel , A. 214 – 221 . Heidelberg : Hüthig . Jahrbuch Telekommunikation und Gesellschaft
   Google Scholar
• Galtung , J. and Ruge , M. 1981 . “ Structuring and selecting news ” . In The Manufacture of News , Edited by: Cohen , S. and Young , J. 52 – 63 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gambetta , D. 1998 . “Claro!”: an essay on discursive machismo ” . In Deliberative Democracy , Edited by: Elster , J. 19 – 43 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Golding , P. 2000 . Forthcoming features: information and communications technologies and the sociology of the future . Sociology , 34 : 165 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , K. K. and Dutton , W. H. 1992 . The politics of Citizen Access Technology: the development of public information utilities in four cities . Policy Studies Journal , 20 : 574 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas , J. 1996 . Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haerpfer , C. , Wallace , C. and Spannring , R. 2002 . Young People and Politics in Eastern and Western Europe , Sociological Series No. 54, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna
   Google Scholar
• Hague , B. N. and Loader , B. D. 1999 . “ Digital democracy: an introduction ” . In Digital Democracy , Edited by: Hague , B. N. and Loader , B. D. 3 – 22 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hargittai , E. 2003 . “ The digital divide and what to do about it ” . In New Economy Handbook , Edited by: Jones , D. C. San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , J. 1995 . The Crisis of Representation in Europe , Edited by: Hayward , J. London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , K. A. and Hughes , J. E. 1998 . Cyberpolitics. Citizens Activism in the Age of the Internet , Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Hurrelmann , A. , Liebsch , K. and Nullmeier , F. 2002 . Wie ist argumentative Entscheidungsfindung möglich? Deliberation in Verhandlungen und Internetforen . Leviathan , 30 : 544 – 564 .
   Google Scholar
• IDEA . 2002 . Voter Turnout Since 1945. A Global Report , Stockholm : Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance .
   Google Scholar
• Jankowski , N. and van Selm , M. 2000 . “ The promise and practice of public debate in cyberspace ” . In Digital Democracy. Issues of Theory and Practice , Edited by: Hacker , K. L. and van Dijk , J. 149 – 165 . London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Karger , P. and Ahrens , K. 2003 . Online-Foren in der Bundesverwaltung , KBSt-Schriftenreihe No. 58, Bundesministerium des Innern, Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Kollock , P. and Smith , M. 1996 . “ Managing the virtual commons: cooperation and conflict in computer communities ” . In Computer-Mediated Communication. Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives Edited by: Herring , S. C. and John , Benjamins . 109 – 128 . Amsterdam and Philadelphia
   Google Scholar
• Leighley , J. E. 1995 . Attitudes, opportunities and incentives: a field essay on political participation . Political Research Quarterly , 48 : 181 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lührs , R. , Albrecht , S. , Lübcke , M. and Hohberg , B. How to grow? Online consultation about growth in the city of Hamburg: methods, techniques, success factors . Proceedings of the Second International Conference, EGOV 2003 . Electronic Governmen , Edited by: Traunmüller , R. pp. 79 – 84 . Berlin, Heidelberg and New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Lührs , R. , Malsch , T. and Voss , K. Internet, discourses and democracy . Joint JSAI 2001 Workshop Post-Proceedings . New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligenc , Edited by: Terano , T. , Nishida , T. , Namatame , A. , Tsumoto , S. , Ohsawa , Y. and Washio , T. pp. 67 – 74 . Berlin and Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. and Resnick , D. 2000 . Politics as Usual: The Cyberspace ‘Revolution’ , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , J. and Zald , M. N. 1977 . Resource mobilization and social movements. a partial theory . American Journal of Sociology , 82 : 1212 – 1241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra , A. 2001 . Marginal voices in cyberspace . New Media & Society , 3 : 29 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonnecke , B. and Preece , J. 2003 . “ Silent participants: getting to know lurkers better ” . In From Usenet to CoWebs. Interacting with Social Information Spaces , Edited by: Lueg , C. and Fisher , D. 110 – 132 . London, Berlin and Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. 2001 . Digital Divide. Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet in Democratic Societies , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. 2002 . “ E-Voting as the magic ballot? The impact of Internet voting on turnout in European Parliamentary elections ” . Cambridge, MA Working Paper RWP02–016, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
   Google Scholar
• Offe , C. 2002 . Repräsentative Demokratie. Reformbedarf und Reformoptionen . WZB-Mitteilungen , 98 : 28 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center . 2000 . The tough job of communicating with voters . Press release, Washington, 5 February. [Online] Available at: http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID = 242 (20 May 2002)
   Google Scholar
• Price , V. , Cappella , J. N. and Nir , L. 2002 . Does disagreement contribute to more deliberative opinion? . Political Communication , 19 : 95 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 1995 . Bowling alone: America's declining social capital . Journal of Democracy , 6 : 65 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Rafaeli , S. and Sudweeks , F. 1998 . “ Interactivity on the Nets ” . In Network and Netplay. Virtual Groups on the Internet , Edited by: Sudweeks , F. , McLaughlin , M. and Rafaeli , S. 173 – 189 . Menlo Park, CA, etc : AAAI Press/MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rash , W. 1997 . Politics on the Nets. Wiring the Political Process , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Rauch , H. 1983 . “ Partizipation und Leistung in Großgruppen-Sitzungen ” . In Gruppensoziologie. Perspektiven und Materialien , Edited by: Neidhardt , F. 256 – 274 . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen .
   Google Scholar
• Rojo , A. and Ragsdale , R. G. 1997 . Participation in electronic forums: implications for the design and implementation of collaborative distributed media . Telematics and Informatics , 14 : 83 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , S. M. 1997 . Expanding the Public Sphere through Computer-Mediated Communication: Political Discussion about Abortion in a Usenet Newsgroup , Cambridge, MA : PhD dissertation, MIT .
   Google Scholar
• Sproull , L. and Faraj , S. 1995 . “ Atheism, sex, and databases: the Net as social technology ” . In Public Access to the Internet , Edited by: Kahin , B. and Keller , J. 62 – 81 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Statistisches Landesamt Hamburg . 2003 . “ Statistischer Bericht A I 3. Bevölkerung am 31.12.2002 nach Alter und Geschlecht ” . Hamburg
   Google Scholar
• Stromer-Galley , J. 2003 . Diversity of political conversation on the Internet: users’ perspectives' . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 8 [Online] Available at: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol8/issue3/stromergalley.html (20 August 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Suchman , L. , Blomberg , J. , Orr , J. E. and Trigg , R. 1999 . Reconstructing technologies as social practice . American Behavioral Scientist , 43 : 392 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein , C. 2001 . Republic.com , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tambini , D. 1999 . New media and democracy: the Civic Networking Movement . New Media & Society , 1 : 305 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• TNS Emnid . 2002 . (N)Onliner Atlas 2002: Eine Topographie des digitalen Grabens durch Deutschland Hamburg [Online] Available at: http://www.emind.emnid.de/downloads/studien/200212101Atlas2002.pdf (20 August 2003)
   Google Scholar
• Topf , R. 1995 . “ Beyond electoral participation ” . In Beliefs in Government , Edited by: Klingemann , H.-D. and Fuchs , D. Vol. 1 , 52 – 91 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turkle , S. 1995 . Life on the Screen. Identity in the Age of the Internet , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Verba , S. , Schlozman , K. L. and Brady , H. E. 1995 . Voice and Equality. Civic Voluntarism in American Politics , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weare , C. 2002 . The Internet and democracy . International Journal of Public Administration , 25 : 659 – 692 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilhelm , A. G. 1998 . Virtual sounding boards: how deliberative is on-line political discussion? . Information, Communication & Society , 1 : 313 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , I. M. 1996 . “ Communication and the other: beyond deliberative democracy ” . In Democracy and Difference. Contesting the Boundaries of the Political , Edited by: Benhabib , S. 120 – 135 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar