The Internet and new modes of political participation: online versus offline participation

References

• Albrechtslund, A. (2008). Online social networking as participatory surveillance. First Monday, 13(3). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2142/1949
   Google Scholar
• Allbrecht, S. (2006). Whose voice is heard in online deliberation? A study of participation and representation in political debates on the Internet. Information, Communication and Society, 9(1), 62–82. doi:10.1080/13691180500519548
   Google Scholar
• Anduiza, E., Gallego, A., & Cantijoch, M. (2010). Online political participation in Spain: The impact of traditional and Internet resources. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(4), 356–368. doi:10.1080/19331681003791891
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, T. P., & Vreese, C. H. de. (2011). Good news for the future? Young people, Internet use, and political participation. Communication Research, 38(4), 451–470. doi:10.1177/0093650210381738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. R. (1984). Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baringhorst, S. (2008).The political empowerment of citizen consumers – opportunities and problems of anti-corporate campaigning on the net. In T. Häyhtiö & J. Rinne (Eds.), Net working/networking: Citizen initiated Internet politics (pp. 281–309). Tampere: Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barney, D. (2010). ‘Excuse us if we don't give a fuck’: The (anti-)political career of participation. Jeunesse: Young People, Texts and Culture, 2(2), 138–146. doi:10.1353/jeu.2010.0031
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bentivegna, S. (2006). Rethinking politics in the world of ICTs. European Journal of Communication, 21(3), 331–343. doi:10.1177/0267323106066638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, S. J., & Krueger, B. S. (2005). Analyzing the representativeness of Internet political participation. Political Behavior, 27(2), 183–216. doi:10.1007/s11109-005-3242-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimber, B. (1998). The Internet and political transformation: Populism, community, and accelerated pluralism. Polity, 31(1), 133–160. doi:10.2307/3235370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimber, B. (2001). Information and political engagement in America: The search for effects of information technology at the individual level. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 53–67. doi:10.1177/106591290105400103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimber, B. (2003). Information and American democracy: Technology in the evolution of political power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bimber, B. (2009). New media and horizontal politics in the Obama campaign. Paper presented at the International Workshop Citizen Politics: Are the new media reshaping political engagement? Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• boyd, d. (2008). Facebook's privacy trainwreck: Exposure, invasion, and social convergence. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1), 13–20. doi:10.1177/1354856507084416
   Google Scholar
• Cammaerts, B., & Van Audenhove, L. (2005). Online political debate, unbounded citizenship, and the problematic nature of a transnational public sphere. Political Communication, 22(2), 179–196. doi:10.1080/10584600590933188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2003). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, A. (2006). Internet politics: States, citizens, and new communication technologies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, H. S. (2011). Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means? First Monday, 16(2). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/3336/2767#p3
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, M., Feezell, J. T., & Guerrero, M. (2012). Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1535–1546. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, P. (2000). The Internet and the democratization of civic culture. Political Communication, 17(4), 335–340. doi:10.1080/10584600050178933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2006). Citizen politics: Public opinion and political parties in advanced industrial democracies (4th ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2007). The good citizen: How a younger generation is reshaping American politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Deth, J. W. (2010). Is creative participation creative democracy? In M. Micheletti & A. S. McFarland (Eds.), Creative participation: Responsibility-taking in the political world (pp. 146–170). Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Neuman, W. R., & Robinson, J. P. (2001). Social implications of the Internet. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 307–336. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook ‘friends’: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. doi:0.1111/j.1083–6101.2007.00367.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fieldhouse, E., Tranmer, M., & Russell, A. (2007). Something about young people or something about elections? Electoral participation of young people in Europe: Evidence from a multilevel analysis of the European social survey. European Journal of Political Research, 46(6), 797–822. doi:10.1111/j.1475–6765.2007.00713.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Gennaro, C., & Dutton, W. (2006). The Internet and the public: Online and offline political participation in the United Kingdom. Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 299–313. doi:10.1093/pa/gsl004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, R., Lusoli, W., & Ward, S. (2005). Online participation in the UK: Testing a ‘contextualized’ model of Internet effects. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7(4), 561–583. doi:10.1111/j.1467–856X.2005.00209.x
   Google Scholar
• Gidengil, E., Blais, A., Nevitte, N., & Nadeau, R. (2003). Turned off or tuned out? Youth participation in politics. Electoral Insight, 5(2), 9–14. Retrieved from http://www.elections.ca/res/eim/article_search/article.asp?id=48&lang=e&frmPageSize=
   Google Scholar
• Gladwell, M. (2010, October 4). Small change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, A. A., & Pitts, B. (2009). Making an impression: New media in the 2008 presidential nomination campaigns. Political Science & Politics, 42(1), 53–58. doi:10.1017/S1049096509090052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindman, M. (2009). The myth of digital democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, P. N., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M., Mari, W., & Mazaid, M. (2011). Opening closed regimes: What was the role of social media during the Arab Spring? Seattle, WA: PIPTI. Retrieved from http://pitpi.org/index.php/2011/09/11/opening-closed-regimes-what-was-the-role-of-social-media-during-the-arab-spring/
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change and democracy: The human development sequence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keeter, S., Zukin, C., Andolina, M., & Jenkins, M. (2002). The civic and political health of the nation: A generational portrait. College Park: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), School of Public Policy, University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, B. S. (2002). Assessing the potential of Internet political participation in the United States – A resource approach. American Politics Research, 30(5), 476–498. doi:10.1177/1532673X02030005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, N., Poor, N., & Skoric, M. (2006). Honey, I shrunk the world! The relationship between Internet use and international engagement. Mass Communication and Society, 9(2), 189–213. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0902_4
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, A. O. (2013). ‘Rejected bits of program code’: Why notions of ‘politics 2.0’ remain (mostly) unfulfilled. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(1), 72–85. doi:10.1080/19331681.2012.719727
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2006). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (2nd ed.). College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madden, M., & Zickuhr, K. (2011). 65% of online adults use social networking sites. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2011/PIP-SNS-Update-2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Margolis, M., & Resnick, D. (2000). Politics as usual: The cyberspace ‘revolution’. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Micheletti M., & McFarland A. S. (Eds.). (2010). Creative participation: Responsibility-taking in the political world. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
   Google Scholar
• Morozov, E. (2009). Iran: Downside to the ‘Twitter revolution’. Dissent, 56(4), 10–14. doi:10.1353/dss.0.0092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moy, P., Torres, M., Tanaka, K., & McCluskey, M. R. (2005). Knowledge or trust? Investigating linkages between media reliance and participation. Communication Research, 32(1), 59–86. doi:10.1177/0093650204271399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam, T. (2012). Dual effects of the Internet on political activism: Reinforcing and mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, 29(Suppl. 1), S90–S97. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.010
   Google Scholar
• Negrine, R., & Papathanassopoulos, S. (2011). The transformation of political communication. In S. Papathanassopoulos (Ed.), Media perspectives for the 21^st century (pp. 41–54). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Negroponte, N. (1995). Being digital. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix: Reinventing political activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2003). Preaching to the converted? Pluralism, participation and party websites. Party Politics, 9(1), 21–45. doi:10.1177/135406880391003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, D. (2013). The campaign and the media. In J. M. Box-Steffensmeier & S. E. Schier (Eds.), The American elections of 2012 (pp. 21–47). New York, NY: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The Internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9–27. doi:10.1177/14614440222226244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The virtual sphere 2.0: The Internet, the public sphere, and beyond. In A. Chadwick (Ed.), Routledge handbook of Internet politics (pp. 230–245). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pasek, J., More, E., & Romer, D. (2009). Realizing the social Internet? Online social networking meets offline civic engagement. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6(3), 197–215. doi:10.1080/19331680902996403
   Google Scholar
• Pateman, C. (1976). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phelps, E. (2005). Young voters at the 2005 British general election. Political Quarterly, 76(4), 482–487. doi:10.1111/j.1467–923X.2005.00710.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, E. (2006). Young citizens and declining electoral turnout: Trends and explanations. Paper presented at the Elections, Public Opinion and Parties Annual Conference, Nottingham University.
   Google Scholar
• Polat, R. K. (2005). The Internet and political participation – Exploring the explanatory links. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 435–459. doi:10.1177/0267323105058251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Raine, L., & Smith, A. (2008). The Internet and the 2008 election. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/The-Internet-and-the-2008-Election.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Rheingold, H. (1993). Virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, S. P., Vatrapu, R. K., & Medina, R. (2010). Online video ‘friends’ social networking: Overlapping online public spheres in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(2/3), 182–201. doi:10.1080/19331681003753420
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (2010). Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the Internet. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 487–509. doi:10.1017/S1537592710001210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001). ‘Connecting’ and ‘disconnecting’ with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18(2), 141–162. doi:0.1080/105846001750322952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Schmierbach, M., Hawkins, J., Espino, R., & Donavan, J. (2002). Nonrecursive models of Internet use and community engagement questioning whether time spent online erodes social capital. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(4), 964–987. doi:10.1177/107769900207900412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skocpol, T. (2003). Diminished democracy. From membership to management in American civic life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skoric, M. M., Ying, D., & Ying, N. G. (2009). Bowling online, not alone: Online social capital and political participation in Singapore. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 414–433. doi:10.1111/j.1083–6101.2009.01447.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolle, D., & Hooghe, M. (2005). Inaccurate, exceptional, one-sided or irrelevant? The debate about the alleged decline of social capital and civic engagement in Western societies. British Journal of Political Science, 35(1), 149–167. doi:10.1017/S0007123405000074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolle, D., Hooghe, M., & Micheletti, M. (2005). Politics in the supermarket: Political consumerism as a form of political participation. International Political Science Review, 26(3), 245–269. doi:10.1177/0192512105053784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolle, D., & Micheletti, M. (2013). Political consumerism: Global responsibility in action. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Teocharis, Y. (2011). Young people, political participation and online postmaterialism in Greece. New Media & Society, 13(2), 203–223. doi:10.1177/1461444810370733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 175–185. doi:10.1177/106591290305600206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trippi, J. (2004). The revolution will not be televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the overthrow of everything. New York, NY: Regan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R. (2002). Is the Internet changing social life? It seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 195–205. doi:10.1111/1540–4560.00256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari, C. (2009). Technology is a commodity: The Internet in the 2008 presidential election. Paper presented at the International Workshop Citizen Politics: Are the media reshaping political engagement? Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875–901. doi:10.1111/j.1083–6101.2009.01474.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, S., & Nie, N. (1972). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Caleb, T., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It's complicated: Facebook users’ political participation in the 2008 election. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(3), 107–114. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, S., & Vedel, T. (2006). Introduction: The potential of the Internet revisited. Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 210–225. doi:10.1093/pa/gsl014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westling, M. (2007). Expanding the public sphere: The impact of Facebook on political communication. Society, 28(3), 835–860. Retrieved from http://www.thenewvernacular.com/projects/facebook_and_political_communication.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Willis, S., & Tranter, B. (2006). Beyond the ‘digital divide’ – Internet diffusion and inequality in Australia. Journal of Sociology, 42(1), 43–59. doi:10.1177/1440783306061352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos, M., & Moy, P. (2007). Direct and differential effects of the Internet on political and civic engagement. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 704–718. doi:10.1111/j.1460–2466.2007.00364.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behaviour. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75–92. doi:10.1177/0894439309335162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2006). A new engagement?: Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Zúñiga, H. G., Puig-I-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the Internet is changing the political environment. New Media Society, 11(4), 553–574. doi:10.1177/1461444809102960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zúñiga, H. G., Veenstra, A., Vraga, E., & Shah, D. V. (2010). Digital democracy: Reimagining pathways to political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(1), 36–51. doi:10.1080/19331680903316742
   Google Scholar