Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns

References

• Bartlett, J. (2014). Populism, social media and democratic strain. In G. Lodge, & G. Gottfried (Eds.), Democracy in Britain: Essays in honour of James Cornford (pp. 91–96). London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
   Google Scholar
• Bimber, B. A., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning online: The internet in U.S. elections. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Block, E. (2013). A culturalist approach to the concept of the mediatization of politics: The age of media hegemony. Communication Theory, 23(3), 259–278. doi:10.1111/comt.12016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumler, J. G. (2013). The fourth age of political communication. Retrieved from http://www.fgpk.de/
   Google Scholar
• Blumler, J. G., & Kavanagh, D. (1999). The third age of political communication. Political Communication, 16(3), 209–230. doi:10.1080/105846099198596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundesministerium für Inneres. (2013). Wahlen. Nationalratswahl 2013. Retrieved from http://www.bmi.gv.at/
   Google Scholar
• Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. (2015). Parteien in Deutschland. Bonn: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, P. (2010). Adoption and use of digital media in election campaigns: Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Public Communication Review, 1(1), 3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Christenson, D. P., Smidt, C. D., & Panagopoulos, C. (2014). Deus ex Machina: Candidate web presence and the presidential nomination campaign. Political Research Quarterly, 67(1), 108–122. doi:10.1177/1065912913494017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, S. C., Kane, J. G., & Gainous, J. (2005). Issue-related learning in a gubernatorial campaign: A panel study. Political Communication, 22(4), 483–503. doi:10.1080/10584600500311501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., & Wattenberg, M. P. (Eds.). (2002). Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Der Bundeswahlleiter. (2015). Wahlbeteiligung. Retrieved from http://www.bundeswahlleiter/
   Google Scholar
• Der Bundeswahlleiter. (2016). Endgültiges Ergebnis der Bundestagswahl 2009. Retrieved from http://www.bundeswahlleiter/
   Google Scholar
• DLP Piper. (2014). Data protection laws of the world handbook. Retrieved from https://www.dlapiper.com/
   Google Scholar
• Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2016). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 1–18. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, G. C. (2013). Factors affecting intercoder reliability: A Monte Carlo experiment. Quality & Quantity, 47(5), 2959–2982. doi:10.1007/s11135-012-9745-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foot, K. A., & Schneider, S. M. (2006). Web campaigning. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, R. K., & McAllister, I. (2011). Do online election campaigns win votes? The 2007 Australian ‘youtube’ election. Political Communication, 28(2), 227–244. doi:10.1080/10584609.2011.568042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, R. K., & McAllister, I. (2015). Normalising or equalising party competition? Assessing the impact of the web on election campaigning. Political Studies, 63(3), 529–547. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, R. K., & Römmele, A. (2001). A party-centered theory of professionalized campaigning. Press/Politics, 6(4), 31–43. doi:10.1177/108118001129172323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groshek, J., & Engelbert, J. (2012). Double differentiation in a cross-national comparison of populist political movements and online media uses in the United States and the Netherlands. New Media & Society, 15(2), 183–202. doi:10.1177/1461444812450685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, P. N. (2006). New media campaigns and the managed citizen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Internet World Stats. (2015). European Union. Retrieved from http://www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htm
   Google Scholar
• Jungherr, A. (2016). Four functions of digital tools in election campaigns: The German case. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21, 358–377. doi:10.1177/1940161216642597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnes, Ø. (2009). Norwegian parties and web 2.0. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6(3–4), 251–266. doi:10.1080/19331680903041845
   Google Scholar
• Keyling, T., & Jünger, J. (2013). Facepager (Version f.e. 3.3). An application for generic data retrieval through APIs. Retrieved from https://github.com/strohne/Facepager
   Google Scholar
• Klinger, U. (2013). Mastering the art of social media: Swiss parties, the 2011 national election and digital challenges. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 717–736. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.782329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc-Michalska, K., Lilleker, D. G., Smith, A., & Weissmann, D. (2016). The normalization of online campaigning in the web.2.0 era. European Journal of Communication, 31, 331–350. doi:10.1177/0267323116647236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera, G. (2009, December 19). Gründer der Piratenpartei Österreichs gestorben. Der Standard. Retrieved from http://derstandard.at/
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, A. O. (2016). Online, all the time? A quantitative assessment of the permanent campaign on facebook. New Media & Society, 18(2), 274–292. doi:10.1177/1461444814538798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G., & Jackson, N. A. (2011). Elections 2.0: Comparing E-Campaigns in France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. In E. Schweitzer, & S. Albrecht (Eds.), Das Internet im Wahlkampf (pp. 96–116). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH Wiesbaden.
   Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G., Koc-Michalska, K., Schweitzer, E. J., Jacunski, M., Jackson, N., & Vedel, T. (2011). Informing, engaging, mobilizing or interacting: Searching for a European model of web campaigning. European Journal of Communication, 26(3), 195–213. doi:10.1177/0267323111416182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G., Tenscher, J., & Štětka, V. (2015). Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media’s importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective. Information, Communication & Society, 18(7), 747–765. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.993679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnamara, J., & Kenning, G. (2011). E-electioneering 2010: Trends in social media use in Australian political communication. Media International Australia, 139(1), 7–22. doi: 10.1177/1329878X1113900104
   Google Scholar
• Magin, M. (2012). Wahlkampf in Deutschland und Österreich. Ein Langzeitvergleich der Presseberichterstattung (1949-2006). Köln, Weimar, Wien: Böhlau.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzoleni, G. (2016). Editor's introduction. In G. Mazzoleni (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication (p. xxix). Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, R. K. (2011). Mundane internet tools, mobilizing practices, and the coproduction of citizenship in political campaigns. New Media & Society, 13(5), 755–771. doi:10.1177/1461444810380863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2003). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plasser, F., & Plasser, G. (2002). Global political campaigning: A worldwide analysis of campaign professionals and their practices. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Podschuweit, N., & Haßler, J. (2015). Wahlkampf mit Kacheln, sponsored ads und Käseglocke: Der Einsatz des Internet im Bundestagswahlkampf 2013. In C. Holtz-Bacha (Ed.), Die Massenmedien im Wahlkampf. Die Bundestagswahl 2013 (pp. 13–39). Wiesbaden: Springer VS. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-06151-7_2
   Google Scholar
• Ross, K., Fountaine, S., & Comrie, M. (2015). Facing up to facebook: Politicians, publics and the social media(ted) turn in New Zealand. Media, Culture & Society, 37(2), 251–269. doi:10.1177/0163443714557983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russmann, U. (2012a). Kampagnen im Web: Neue Formen der Wahlkampf kommunikation. In F. Plasser (Ed.), Erfolgreich wahlkämpfen. Massenmedien und Wahlkampagnen in Österreich (pp. 189–207). Wien: Facultas.
   Google Scholar
• Russmann, U. (2012b). Online political discourse on Facebook: An analysis of political campaign communication in Austria. Journal for Political Consulting and Policy Advice, 2(3), 115–125.
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel Online. (2013). SPD gönnt sich größtes Wahlkampf-Budget. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/
   Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J. (2007). Political marketing and professionalized campaigning: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Political Marketing, 6(2/3), 49–67. doi:10.1300/J199v06n02_04
   Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J., & Kiousis, S. (2014). Strategic political communication in election campaigns. In C. Reinemann (Eds.), Political communication (pp. 109–128). Berlin: de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Tenscher, J., Koc-Michalska, K., Lilleker, D. G., Mykkänen, J., Walter, A. S., Findor, A., … Róka, J. (2015). The professionals speak: Practitioners’ perspectives on professional election campaigning. European Journal of Communication, 31(2), 95–119. doi:10.1177/0267323115612212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenscher, J., Mykkanen, J., & Moring, T. (2012). Modes of professional campaigning: A four-country comparison in the European parliamentary elections, 2009. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(2), 145–168. doi:10.1177/1940161211433839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergeer, M., Hermans, L., & Sams, S. (2013). Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning: The exploration of a new campaign tool and a new campaign style. Party Politics, 19(3), 477–501. doi:10.1177/1354068811407580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vienna.at. (2013a). Die Kosten der Nationalratswahl 2013: Wahlwerbeausgaben der Parteien. Retrieved from http://www.vienna.at/
   Google Scholar
• Vienna.at. (2013b). Wahlkampf der Piratenpartei kostet 15.000 Euro. Retrieved from http://www.vienna.at/
   Google Scholar
• Wallsten, K. (2010). ‘Yes we can’: How online viewership, blog discussion, campaign statements, and mainstream media coverage produced a viral video phenomenon. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(2–3), 163–181. doi:10.1080/19331681003749030
   Google Scholar
• Wien konkret. (2008). Nationalratswahl 2008. Retrieved from http://www.wien-konkret.at/
   Google Scholar