The Black catalyst to tweet: the role of discrimination experience, group identification, and racial agency in Black Americans’ instrumental use of Twitter

References

• Abrams, J. R., & Giles, H. (2007). Ethnic identity gratifications selection and avoidance by African Americans: A group vitality and social identity gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 9, 115–134. doi:10.1080/15213260701279598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams, J. R., & Giles, H. (2009). Hispanic television activity: Is it related to vitality perceptions? Communication Research Reports, 26, 247–252. doi:10.1080/08824090903074456
   Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, N., & Schmitz Weiss, A. (2010). Seems stupid until you try it: Press coverage of Twitter, 2006–2009. New Media & Society, 12, 1262–1279. doi:10.1177/1461444809360773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, K., Holton, A., Harp, D., & Yaschur, C. (2011). The links that bind: Uncovering novel motivations for linking on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2243–2248. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista, J. R., & Lin, T. T. C. (2015). Tweeting social support messages after a non-celebrity’s death: The case of the Philippines’ #Fallen44. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18, 641–646. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley-Edwards, K. L. (2016). Hope, agency, or disconnect: Scale construction for measures of Black racial cohesion and dissonance. Journal of Black Psychology, 42, 73–99. doi:10.1177/0095798414557670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley-Edwards, K. L., & Chapman-Hilliard, C. (2015). Doing race in different places: Black racial cohesion on Black and White college campuses. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 8, 43–60. doi:10.1037/a0038293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• boyd, d., Golder, S., & Lotan, G. (2010). Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-43). Kauai, HI: IEEE Computer Society. doi:10.1109/HICSS.2010.412
   Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135–149. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock, A. (2012). From the blackhand side: Twitter as a cultural conversation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56, 529–549. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.732147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brondolo, E., ver Halen, N. B., Libby, D., & Pencille, M. (2011). Racism as a psychosocial stressor. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), Handbook of stress science (pp. 167–184). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M. (2011). Tweet this: A uses and gratifications perspective on how active Twitter use gratifies a need to connect with others. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 755–762. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805–816. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clealand, D. P. (2013). When ideology clashes with reality: Racial discrimination and black identity in contemporary Cuba. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36, 1619–1636. doi:10.1080/01419870.2013.783928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa, T., & Jeong, S. H. (2011). Race and online content creation: Why minorities are actively participating in the Web. Information, Communication & Society, 14, 638–659. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2010.514355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2012). Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15, 393–407. doi:10.1177/1368430211427171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuhadar, E., & Dayton, B. (2011). The social psychology of identity and inter-group conflict: From theory to practice. International Studies Perspectives, 12, 273–293. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2011.00433.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. L., & Gandy, O. H. (1999). Racial identity and media orientation: Exploring the nature of constraint. Journal of Black Studies, 29, 367–397. doi:10.2307/2668064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dion, K. L., & Earn, B. M. (1975). The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 944–950. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S. (2013). Stress: Appraisal and coping. In M. D. Gellman & J. R. Turner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1913–1915). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25/26, 56–80. doi:10.2307/466240
   Google Scholar
• Graham, R., & Smith, S. (2016). The content of our #characters: Black Twitter as counterpublic. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. doi:10.1177/2332649216639067
   Google Scholar
• Gurin, P., & Townsend, A. (1986). Properties of gender identity and their implications for gender consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 139–148. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00712.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E., & Litt, E. (2011). The tweet smell of celebrity success: Explaining variation in Twitter adoption among a diverse group of young adults. New Media & Society, 13, 824–842. doi:10.1177/1461444811405805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2016). Process for SPSS and SAS (Version 2.16). Retrieved from http://processmacro.org/download.html
   Google Scholar
• Heverin, T., & Zach, L. (2012). Use of microblogging for collective sense-making during violent crises: A study of three campus shootings. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63, 34–47. doi:10.1002/asi.21685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovick, S. R., Liang, M.-C., & Kahlor, L. (2014). Predicting cancer risk knowledge and information seeking: The role of social and cognitive factors. Health Communication, 29, 656–668. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.763204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. (2009). How Twitter will change the way we live. Time Magazine, 173, 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Jungherr, A., Schoen, H., & Jürgens, P. (2016). The mediation of politics through Twitter: An analysis of messages posted during the campaign for the German federal election 2013. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21, 50–68. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, J. A., Cleveland, M. J., & Hecht, M. L. (2010). Applying general strain theory to examine perceived discrimination’s indirect relation to Mexican-heritage youth’s alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Prevention Science, 11, 397–410. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0180-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S. (2013). The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination-distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 1–14. doi:10.1037/a0031275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E.-J., & Kim, Y. W. (2014). How social is Twitter use? Affiliative tendency and communication competence as predictors. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E.-J., & Oh, S. Y. (2013). Seek and you shall find? How need for orientation moderates knowledge gain from Twitter use. Journal of Communication, 63, 745–765. doi:10.1111/jcom.12041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeRoy, M. H. (2015). # AcademicFreedom: Twitter and First Amendment rights for professors. Notre Dame Law Review Online, 90, 158–167.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, L. (2001). Gratifications, chronic loneliness and Internet use. Asian Journal of Communication, 11, 96–119. doi:10.1080/01292980109364794
   Google Scholar
• Marwick, A. E., & boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13, 114–133. doi:10.1177/1461444810365313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeever, B. W., McKeever, R., Holton, A. E., & Li, J.-Y. (2016). Silent majority: Childhood vaccinations and antecedents to communicative action. Mass Communication and Society, 1–23. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1148172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesch, G. S. (2012). Minority status and the use of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 39, 317–337. doi:10.1177/0093650211398865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesch, G. S., Mano, R., & Tsamir, J. (2012). Minority status and health information search: A test of the social diversification hypothesis. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 854–858. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2002). Audience orientations toward new media. Communication Research Reports, 19, 338–351. doi:10.1080/08824090209384862
   Google Scholar
• Murthy, D., Gross, A., & Pensavalle, A. (2016). Urban social media demographics: An exploration of Twitter use in major American cities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21, 33–49. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh, S., & Kaspar, V. (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 232–238. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.2.232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y. J. (2015). My whole world’s in my palm! The second-level divide of teenagers’ mobile use and skill. New Media & Society, 17, 977–995. doi:10.1177/1461444813520302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2011). Effect of discrimination on food decisions. Self and Identity, 10, 396–406. doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.526384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard, C. (2015). Is Twitter just about sharing what you had for lunch? The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/catriona-pollard/is-twitter-just-about-sha_b_8254970.html
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and instrumental television viewing. Journal of Communication, 34, 67–77. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02174.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M. (1993). Audience activity and media use. Communication Monographs, 60, 98–105. doi:10.1080/03637759309376300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M. (2009). The uses-and-gratifications perspective on media effects. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 165–184). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and television news gratifications. Communication Research, 14, 58–84. doi:10.1177/009365087014001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A. (1985). Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing. Human Communication Research, 12, 155–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00071.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication and Society, 3, 3–37. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
   Google Scholar
• Sanders Thompson, V. L. (1990). Factors affecting the level of African American identification. Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 19–35. doi:10.1177/00957984900171003
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and constuct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 805–815. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. (2013). Black Twitter? Racial hashtags, networks and contagion. New Formations, 78, 46–64. doi:10.3898/NEWF.78.02.2013
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2014). African Americans and technology use: A demographic portrait. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2014/01/African-Americans-and-Technology-Use.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K. (2016). 44 Twitter statistics for 2016. Brandwatch Blog. Retrieved from https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/44-twitter-stats-2016/
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A., & Rainie, L. (2010). 8% of online Americans use Twitter. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media//Files/Reports/2010/PIP-Twitter-Update-2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stavrositu, C., & Sundar, S. S. (2012). Does blogging empower women? Exploring the role of agency and community. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 369–386. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01587.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57, 504–525. doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.845827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(extra issue), 53–79. doi:10.2307/2626957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twitter. (2016). Company facts. Retrieved from https://about.twitter.com/company.
   Google Scholar
• Vieth, A., Hagglund, K., Clay, D., Frank, R., Thayer, J., Johnson, J., & Goldstein, D. (1997). The contribution of hope and affectivity to diabetes-related disability: An exploratory study. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 4, 65–77. doi:10.1023/A:1026284104493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335–351. doi:10.1177/135910539700200305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Windahl, S. (1981). Uses and gratifications at the crossroads. In G. C. Wilhoit & H. de Bock (Eds.), Mass communication review yearbook (Vol. 2, pp. 174–185). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar