Populist online practices: the function of the Internet in right-wing populism

References

• Aalberg, T., Esser, F., Reinemann, C., Strömbäck, J., & de Vreese, C. (Eds.). (2017). Populist political communication in Europe. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Abts, K., & Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus democracy. Political Studies, 55, 405–424. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00657.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman, T. (2011). Friend or foe? Right-wing populism and the popular press in Britain and the Netherlands. Journalism, 12(8), 931–945. doi: 10.1177/1464884911415972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. (1995). Adolescent’s uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 519–533. doi: 10.1007/BF01537054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, K. (2010). Soziologie der online-kommunikation [The sociology of online communication]. In W. Schweiger & K. Beck (Eds.), Handbuch online-kommunikation (pp. 15–35). Wiesbaden: VS.
   Google Scholar
• Betz, H.-G., & Johnson, C. (2004). Against the current – stemming the tide: The nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9, 311–327. doi: 10.1080/1356931042000263546
   Google Scholar
• Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden, H., & Vliegenthart, R. (2007). Explaining the rise of anti-immigrant parties: The role of news media content. Electoral Studies, 26, 404–417. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2006.10.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, L., & Brants, K. (2014). Populist rhetoric in politics and media: A longitudinal study of the Netherlands. European Journal of Communication, 29, 703–719. doi: 10.1177/0267323114545709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, L., van der Brug, W., & de Vreese, C. H. (2013). An experimental test of the impact of style and rhetoric on the perception of right-wing populist and mainstream party leaders. Acta Politica, 48, 192–208. doi: 10.1057/ap.2012.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1981). Décrire et préscrire [Describing and prescribing]. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 38, 69–73. doi: 10.3406/arss.1981.2120
   Google Scholar
• Bowler, S., Denemark, D., Donovan, T., & McDonnell, D. (2016). Right-wing populist party supporters: Dissatisfied but not direct democrats. European Journal of Political Research. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47, 2–16. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elchardus, M., & Spruyt, B. (2014). Populism, persistent republicanism and declinism: An empirical analysis of populism as a thin ideology. Government and Opposition. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1017/gov.2014.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2016). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filc, D. (2011). Post-populism: Explaining neo-liberal populism through the habitus. Journal of Political Ideologies, 16, 221–238. doi: 10.1080/13569317.2011.575685
   Google Scholar
• Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and political theory. A conceptual approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freeden, M. (1998). Is nationalism a distinct ideology? Political Studies, 46, 748–765. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, C., Hofkirchner, W., Schafranek, M., Raffl, C., Sandoval, M., & Bichler, R. (2010). Theoretical foundations of the web: Cognition, communication, and co-operation. Towards an understanding of web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. Future Internet, 2, 41–59. doi: 10.3390/fi2010041
   Google Scholar
• Gerbaudo, P. (2014). Populism 2.0. In D. Trottier, & C. Fuchs (Eds.), Social media, politics and the state: Protests, revolutions, riots, crime and policing in the age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (pp. 16–67). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grill, C. (2016). How anti-European, populist parties campaigned in the 2014 EP election. In C. Holtz-Bacha (Ed.), Europawahlkampf 2014. Internationale studien zur Rolle der Medien (pp. 75–96). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Groshek, J., & Engelbert, J. (2013). Double differentiation in a cross-national comparison of populist political movements and online media uses in the United States and the Netherlands. New Media & Society, 15, 183–202. doi: 10.1177/1461444812450685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gschnitzer, F., Koselleck, R., & Wagner, K. F. (1992). Volk, nation, nationalismus, masse [People, nation, nationalism, mass]. In O. Brunner, W. Conze, & R. Koselleck (Eds.), Geschichtliche grundbegriffe. Historisches lexikon zur politisch-sozialen sprache in Deutschland (Vol. 7, pp. 141–431). Stuttgart: Clett-Cotta.
   Google Scholar
• Haller, A. (2013). Dissens als kommunikatives instrument. Theorie der intendierten Selbstskandalisierung in der politischen kommunikation [Dissent as communicative instrument. The theory of intentional self-scandalization in political communication]. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hameleers, M., Bos, L., & de Vresse, C. H. (2016). “They did it.” The effects of emotionalized blame attribution in populist communication. Communication Research. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/009365021664402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartleb, F. (2013). Anti-elitist cyber parties? Journal of Public Affairs, 13, 355–369. doi: 10.1002/pa.1480
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K. A. (2009). Measuring populist discourse in comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42, 1040–1067. doi: 10.1177/0010414009331721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herkman, J. (2015). The life cycle model and press coverage of Nordic populist parties. Journalism Studies. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2015.1066231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K., & Haller, A. (2016). The populist communication paradox of PEGIDA: Between ‘lying press’ and journalistic sources. Presentation at the ICA preconference ‘Populism in, by, and against the media’, 9 June 2016, Fukuoka, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Jagers, J., & Walgrave, S. (2007). Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research, 46, 319–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemners, R. (2015). Becoming politically discontented: Anti-establishment careers of Dutch nonvoters and PVV voters. Current Sociology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0011392115609651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmans, R., & Muis, J. (2009). The rise of right-wing populist Pim Fortuyn in the Netherlands: A discursive opportunity approach. European Journal of Political Research, 48, 642–664. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00846.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer, B. (2014). Media populism: A conceptual clarification and some theses on its effects. Communication Theory, 24(1), 42–60. doi:10.1111/comt.2014.24.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer, B. (in press a). Populist and non-populist media: Their paradoxical role in the development and diffusion of a rightwing ideology. In C. Holtz-Bacha, O. Mazzolenia, & R. C. Heinisch (Eds.), Handbook of political populism. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Krämer, B. (in press b). Populism, media, and the form of society. Communication Theory.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer, B., & Conrad, J. (2017). Social Ontologies Online: The Representation of Social Structures on the Internet. Social Media + Society, 3(1), 1–11. doi:10.1177/2056305117693648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Mannheim, K. (1965). Ideologie und utopie [Ideology and utopia]. Frankfurt a. M.: Schulte-Bulmke.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, J.-W. (2014). “The people must be extracted from within the people”: Reflections on populism. Constellations, 21, 483–493. doi: 10.1111/1467-8675.12126
   Google Scholar
• Müller, J.-W. (2016). Behind the New German Right. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2016/04/14/behind-new-german-right-afd/
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism. Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39, 542–563. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2013). Three decades of populist radical right parties in Western Europe: So what? European Journal of Political Research, 52, 1–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02065.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale, S., & Ballatore, A. (2014). The web will kill them all: New media, digital utopia, and political struggle in the Italian 5-star movement. New Media & Society, 36, 105–121. doi: 10.1177/0163443713511902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, J. E., & Rahn, W. M. (2016). Rise of the trumpenvolk. Populism in the 2016 election. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 667, 189–206. doi: 10.1177/0002716216662639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas, T. S. (2016). Modern populism: Research advances, conceptual and methodological pitfalls, and the minimal definition. In W. R. Thompson (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedias of politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.17
   Google Scholar
• Plattner, M. F. (2010). Populism, pluralism, and liberal democracy. Journal of Democracy, 21, 81–92. doi: 10.1353/jod.0.0154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pombeni, P. (1997). Typologie des populismes en Europe (19e-20e siècles) [Typology of populisms in Europe (19th to 20th century)]. Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, 56, 48–76. doi: 10.3406/xxs.1997.4491
   Google Scholar
• Priester, K. (2012). Rechter und linker populismus. Annäherung an ein Chamäleon [Right-wing and left-wing populism. Approaches to a chameleon]. Frankfurt a. M.: Campus.
   Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M. (2014a). The nucleus of populism: In search of the lowest common denominator. Government and Opposition, 49, 573–599. doi: 10.1017/gov.2013.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M. (2014b). The mesmerising message: The diffusion of populism in public debates in Western European media. Political Studies, 62, 726–744. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, J. (2006). Social software: Facilitating information-, identity- and relationship management. In T. Burg & J. Schmidt (Eds.), Blogtalks reloaded (pp. 31–49). Norderstedt: Books on Demand.
   Google Scholar
• Sheets, P., Bos, L., & Boomgaarden, H. J. (2016). Media cues and citizen support for right-wing populist parties. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28, 307–330. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edv014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siri, J. (2015). Paradoxien konservativen protests [Paradoxes of conservative protest]. In S. Hark & P.-I. Villa (Eds.), Anti-Genderismus. Sexualität und Geschlecht als Schauplätze aktueller politischer Auseinandersetzungen (pp. 239–255). Bielefeld: Transcript.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13, 95–110. doi: 10.1080/13569310701822289
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2004). Populism and representative politics in contemporary Europe. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9, 269–288. doi: 10.1080/1356931042000263528
   Google Scholar
• Urbinati, N. (2013). The populist phenomenon. Raisons Politiques, 51, 137–154. doi: 10.3917/rai.051.0137
   Google Scholar
• Walgrave, S., & de Swert, K. (2004). The making of the (issues of the) Vlaams Blok. Political Communication, 21, 479–500. doi: 10.1080/10584600490522743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yılmaz, F. (2012). Right-wing hegemony and immigration: How the populist far-right achieved hegemony through the immigration debate in Europe. Current Sociology, 60, 368–381. doi: 10.1177/0011392111426192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar