Expose, debunk, ridicule, resist! Networked civic monitoring of populist radical right online action in Finland

References

• Altman, A. (2016, November 30). How Donald Trump is bringing the alt-right to the White House. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/4569895/donald-trump-stephen-bannon-alt-right/
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, C., & Dahlgren, P. (2016). Populism, extremism and media: Mapping an uncertain terrain. European Journal of Communication, 31(1), 46–57. doi: 10.1177/0267323115614485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, L. (2016). No digital ‘castles in the Air’: online Non-participation and the radical left. Media and Communication, 4(4), 53–62. doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i4.694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslanidis, P. (2017). Populism and social movements. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of populism (pp. 305–325). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, M. (1981). The new Racism: Conservatives and the ideology of the tribe. London: Junction Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-David, A., & Matamoros-Fernandez, A. (2016). Hate speech and covert discrimination on social media: Monitoring the Facebook pages of extreme-right political parties in Spain. International Journal of Communication, 10, 1167–1193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, L. W., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action. Information, Communication & Society. 15(5), 739–768.
   Google Scholar
• Betz, H. G. (2018). The radical right and populism. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the radical right (pp. 86–104). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borg, S. (2012). Perussuomalaiset [The Finns party]. In S. Borg (Ed.), Muutosvaalit 2011 [Parliamentary election 2011] (pp. 191–210). Helsinki: Finnish Ministry of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Cammaerts, B. (2009). Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces: The case of North Belgian extreme right discourses. International Journal of Cutural Studies, 12(6), 555–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammaerts, B. (2018). The mainstreaming of extreme right-wing populism in the Low Countries. What is to be done? Communication, Culture & Critique, 11(1), 7–20. doi: 10.1093/ccc/tcx002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson, E. (2014). Visibility and surveillance in a hybrid media culture. In S. Lindgren (Ed.), Hybrid media Culture: Sensing place in a World of flows (pp. 34–50). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2012). Networks of outrage and hope. Social movements in the internet age. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid media system. Politics and power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Citron, H., & Norton, D. (2011). Intermediaries and hate speech: Fostering digital citizenship for our information age. Boston University Law Review, 91, 1435–1484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. (2017). Can the internet Strengthen democracy? Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, K., & Gillespie, T. (2016). What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint. New Media & Society, 18(3), 410–428. doi: 10.1177/1461444814543163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowell, C. (2017, June 14). Our approach to bots & misinformation [Blog]. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/company/2017/Our-Approach-Bots-Misinformation.html
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, P. (2007). The internet as a civic space. In S. Coleman & D. Freelon (Eds.), Handbook of digital politics (pp. 17–34). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Dencik, L., & Leistert, O. (2015). (Eds.) critical Perspectives on social media and protest. Between control and emancipation. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Ellinas, A. A. (2018). Media and the radical right. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the radical right (pp. 269–289). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2017). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), 1109–1126. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, F., Stępińska, A., & Hopmann, D. (2017). Populism and the media. Cross-national findings and perspectives. In T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Strömbäck, & C. de Vreese (Eds.), Populist political communication in Europe (pp. 365–380). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2018). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent high level group on fake news and online disinformation. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Feenstra, R., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2014). Democracy in the digital communication Environment: A typology Proposal for political monitoring Processes. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2448–2468.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the streets. Social media and contemporary activism. London: Pluto.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, M. (2012). Right response. Understanding and Countering Populist Extremism in Europe (report). London: Chatham House. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/178301https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/178301
   Google Scholar
• Hatakka, N. (2017). When logics of party politics and online activism collide: The populist Finns party’s identity under negotiation. New Media & Society, 19(12), 2022–2038. doi: 10.1177/1461444816660728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakka, N., Niemi, M. K., & Välimäki, M. (2017). Confrontational yet submissive: Calculated ambivalence and populist parties’ strategies of responding to racism accusations in the media. Discourse & Society, 28(3), 262–280. doi: 10.1177/0957926516687406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herkman, J., & Matikainen, J. (2017). Neo-populist scandal and social media: The Finnish Olli Immonen affair. In K. Demirhan & D. Çakır-Demirhan (Eds.), Political scandal, Corruption, and legitimacy in the Age of social media (pp. 1–24). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Hintz, A. (2015). Social media censorship, privatised regulation, and new restrictions to protest and dissent. In L. Dencik & O. Leistert (Eds.), Critical perspectives on social media and protest: Between control and emancipation (pp. 109–126). London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Hintz, A. (2016). Restricting digital sites of dissent: Commercial social media and free expression. Critical Discourse Studies, 13(3), 325–340. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2016.1141695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K. (2015). Alternativmedier’? En intervjustudie om mediekritik och mediemisstro [‘Alternative media’? An interview study on media criticism and mistrust]. In J. A. Schwarz, U. Bjereld, N. Bolin, R. Chukri, A. Dahlberg, R. Djalaie, & L. Truedson (Eds.), Migrationen i medierna (pp. 113–149). Stockholm: Institutet för mediestudier.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, P., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M., Mari, W., & Mazaid, M. (2011). Opening closed Regimes. What was the role of social media during the Arab spring? (Working paper). Retrieved from Project on Information Technology & Political Islam website: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/117568/2011_Howard-Duffy-Freelon-Hussain-Mari-Mazaid_PITPI.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Immonen, O. (2015). Nightmare called multiculturalism [Facebook post]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/334608399882600/posts/1072540946089338
   Google Scholar
• Jungar, A.-C. (2016). From the mainstream to the margins? The radicalization of the true Finns. In T. Akkerman, S. de Lange, & M. Rooduijn (Eds.), Radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe: Into the mainstream? (pp. 113–143). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kellner, D. (2017). American nightmare. Donald Trump, media spectacle and authoritarian populism. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Krämer, B. (2017). Populist online practices: The function of the internet in right-wing populism. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1293–1309. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon, D. (2007). Surveillance studies: An overview. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Lyon, D. (2017). Surveillance culture: Engagement, exposure, and ethics in digital modernity. International Journal of Communication, 11, 824–842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, S. (2004). ‘Sousveillance’. Inverse surveillance in multimedia imaging. In Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia (pp. 620–627). New York, NY: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Markham, A. (2012). Fabrication as ethical practice. Information, Communication & Society, 15(3), 334–353. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.641993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham, A., & Buchanan, E. (2012). Ethical decision-making and internet research: Recommendations for the AoIR Ethics Working Committee. Retrieved from https://aoir.org/ethics/
   Google Scholar
• Massanari, A. (2017). #Gamergate and the Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media & Society, 19(3), 329–346. doi: 10.1177/1461444815608807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milan, S. (2015). From social movements to cloud protesting: The evolution of collective identity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 887–900. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffit, B. (2017). Liberal illiberalism? The reshaping of contemporary populist radical right in Northern Europe. Politics and Governance, 5(4), 112–122. doi: 10.17645/pag.v5i4.996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2012). Populism: Corrective and threat to democracy. In C. Mudde & C. Rovira Kaltwasser (Eds.), Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or corrective for democracy? (pp. 205–222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, J. W. (2014). ‘The people must be extracted from within the people’: Reflections on populism. Constellations (oxford, England), 21(4), 483–493.
   Google Scholar
• Nagle, A. (2017). Kill all Normies: Online culture wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the alt-right. Alresford: Zero books.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, W., & Milner, R. (2017). The ambivalent internet: Mischief, Oddity, and antagonism online. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmus group. (2016, October 3). [Post by anonymized moderator to Rasmus Facebook group]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/groups/RASMUSGROUP/
   Google Scholar
• Rasmus group. (2017, August 23). [PDF-document on group rules posted on Rasmus Facebook group]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/groups/RASMUSGROUP/1597793276898557/
   Google Scholar
• Rasmus group. (2018, March 18). Rasmus ryhmä ei edusta Rasmus ry:n ajatuksia [Post by @RasmusRyFinland to Rasmus Facebook group]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/114311111913455/posts/1806808335997049
   Google Scholar
• Raunio, T. (2013). The Finns: Filling a gap in the party system. In K. Grabow & F. Hartleb (Eds.), Right-wing and National populist parties in Europe (pp. 133–160). Brussels: CES.
   Google Scholar
• Reinemann, C., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., Strömbäck, J., & de Vreese, C. (2017). Populist political communication. Toward a model of its causes, forms and effects. In T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Strömback, & C. de Vreese (Eds.), Populist political communication in Europe (pp. 12–25). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rieder, B. (2013). Studying Facebook via data extraction: The Netvizz application. Websci’13, May 2–4, 346–355.
   Google Scholar
• Rigatelli, S. (2016, June 10). Soldiers of Odinin johto yllyttää salaisissa Facebook-viesteissä: ‘Hakatkaa jokainen joka nojaakin vasemmalle’ [Soldiers of Odin leaderships in secret messages: ‘Beat up anyone who even leans to the left’]. Yle. Retrieved from https://yle.fi
   Google Scholar
• Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism and the question of how to respond to it. In C. Rovira Kaltwasser, P. A. Taggart, P. Ochoa Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 489–507). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sakki, I., & Pettersson, K. (2015). Discursive constructions of otherness in populist radical right political blogs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(2), 156–170. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S., & Jasbinder, N. (2018). The racialized surveillant assemblage: Islam and the Fear of terrorism. Popular Communication, 16(1), 72–85. doi: 10.1080/15405702.2017.1412441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treré, E. (2015). The struggle within: Discord, conflict and Paranoia in social media protest. In L. Dencik & O. Leistert (Eds.), Critical perspectives on social media and protest: Between control and emancipation (pp. 163–180). London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Veugelers, J., & Menard, G. (2018). The non-party sector of the radical right. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the radical right (pp. 285–304). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. (2018). Why populism is troubling for democratic communication? Communication, Culture & Critique, 11(1), 21–34. doi: 10.1093/ccc/tcx005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ylä-Anttila, T. (2017). The populist toolkit. Finnish populism in action 2007–2016 (Doctoral dissertation). Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Ylä-Anttila, T. (2018). Populist knowledge: ‘Post-truth’ repertoires of contesting epistemic authorities. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/23254823.2017.1414620
   Google Scholar