Decentering technology in discourse on discriminationFootnote^*

* This article grew from conversations at a workshop entitled ‘Intersectionality & Algorithmic Discrimination’ (Lorentz Center, Leiden, December 2017).

References

• Agrawal, R., & Srikant, R. (2000). Privacy-preserving data mining. ACM SIGMOD Record, 29(2), 439–450. doi:10.1145/342009.335438 doi: 10.1145/335191.335438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. doi:10.1177%2F146879410100100307 doi: 10.1177/146879410100100307
   Google Scholar
• Barocas, S. (2015). Data mining and the discourse on discrimination. In Proceedings of the data ethics workshop. New York. Retrieved from https://dataethics.github.io/proceedings/DataMiningandtheDiscourseOnDiscrimination.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Berendt, B., & Preibusch, S. (2014). Better decision support through exploratory discrimination-aware data mining: Foundations and empirical evidence. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 22(2), 175–209. doi: 10.1007/s10506-013-9152-0
   Google Scholar
• Binns, R. (2018). Fairness in machine learning: Lessons from political philosophy. In S. A. Friedler & C. Wilson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (Vol. 81, pp. 149–159). New York: Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. Retrieved from http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/binns18a/binns18a.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, R. E. (2009). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. doi: 10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Cyril, M. A. (2005). Media and marginalization. In R. McChesney, R. Newman, & B. Scott (Eds.), The future of media: Resistance and reform in the 21st century (pp. 97–104). New York: Seven Stories Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cyril, M. A. (2008). A framework for media justice. In S. P. Gangadharan, B. De Cleen, & N. Carpentier (Eds.), Alternatives on media content, journalism, and regulation (pp. 55–56). Tartu, Estonia: Tartu University Press. Retrieved from http://www.researchingcommunication.eu/reco_book2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dencik, L., Hintz, A., & Cable, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 1–12. doi: 10.1177/2053951716679678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, A., & Wilson, C. (2013). Training digital security trainers: A preliminary review of methods, needs, and challenges. Washington, DC: Internews Center for Innovation and Learning. (pp. 1–21). Retrieved from https://internews.org/sites/default/files/resources/InternewsWPDigitalSecurity_2013-11-29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dwork, C., & Mulligan, D. K. (2013). It’s not privacy, and it’s not fair. Stanford Law Review, 66, 35–40.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. (2010). Scales of justice: Reimagining political space in a globalizing world. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1584038
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, N., & Honneth, A. (2006). Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange. London; New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, B., & Nissenbaum, H. (1996). Bias in computer systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 14(3), 330–347. doi: 10.1145/230538.230561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, S., & McCauley, D. (2016). Framing energy justice: Perspectives from activism and advocacy. Energy Research & Social Science, 11, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandy, O. H. (1993). The panoptic sort: A political economy of personal information. Boulder, CO: Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Gangadharan, S. P. (2014). Media justice and communication rights. In C. Padovani & A. Calabrese (Eds.), Communication rights and social justice, historical accounts of transnational mobilizations (pp. 203–218). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gangadharan, S. P., & Niklas, J. (2018). Between antidiscrimination and data: Understanding human rights discourse on automated discrimination in Europe. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053
   Google Scholar
• Gilliom, J. (2001). Overseers of the poor: Surveillance, resistance and the limits of privacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J. (2010). Report on Roma education today: From slavery to segregation and beyond. Columbia Law Review, 110(4), 919–1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürses, S. (2018, September). Waiting for AI is like waiting for Go Presented at the Choosing to be smart: Algorithms, AI, and avoiding unequal futures, London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from https://media.rawvoice.com/lse_inequalitiesinstitute/richmedia.lse.ac.uk/inequalitiesinstitute/20180928_choosingToBeSmart.mp3
   Google Scholar
• Gürses, S., Kundnani, A., & Van Hoboken, J. (2016). Crypto and empire: The contradictions of counter-surveillance advocacy. Media, Culture & Society, 38(4), 576–590. doi: 10.1177/0163443716643006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, 46(1), 1–35. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300001442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagman, D. G. (1971). Urban planning and development – race and poverty – past, present and future. Utah Law Review, 46, 33.
   Google Scholar
• Heeks, R., & Renken, J. (2016). Data justice for development: What would it mean? Information Development, 34(1), 90–102. doi: 10.1177/0266666916678282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, A. L. (2018). Data violence and how bad engineering choices can damage society. Medium. Retrieved from https://medium.com/s/story/data-violence-and-how-bad-engineering-choices-can-damage-society-39e44150e1d4
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. A. (2014). From open data to information justice. Ethics and Information Technology, 16(4), 263–274. doi: 10.1007/s10676-014-9351-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. (2016). The question of information justice. Communications of the ACM, 59(3), 27–29. doi: 10.1145/2879878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippert-Rasmussen, K. (2014). Born free and equal? A philosophical inquiry into the nature of discrimination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Makkonen, T. (2012). Equal in law, unequal in fact: Racial and ethnic discrimination and the legal response thereto in Europe. Leiden; Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Monahan, T. (2008). Editorial: Surveillance and inequality. Surveillance & Society, 5(3), 217–226. doi: 10.24908/ss.v5i3.3421
   Google Scholar
• Narayanan, A. (2018). FAT* tutorial: 21 fairness definitions and their politics. Presented at the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, New York. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/document/d/1bnQKzFAzCTcBcNvW5tsPuSDje8WWWY-SSF4wQm6TLvQ/edit?us.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Overdorf, R., Kulynych, B., Balsa, E., Troncoso, C., & Gürses, S. (2018). POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies. ArXiv:1806.02711 [Cs]. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02711
   Google Scholar
• Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2008). Discrimination-aware data mining. In ACM Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nevada. doi: 10.1145/1401890.1401959
   Google Scholar
• Salamon, L. M., Sokolowski, S. W., & List, R. (2003). Global civil society: An overview (1st ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies. Retrieved from http://www.cca.org.mx/apoyos/dls/m4/global.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez Salgado, R. (2014). Europeanizing civil society: How the EU shapes civil society organizations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. (1980). Equality of what? In S. M. McMurrin (Ed.), The Tanner lectures on human values (pp. 197–220). Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snorton, R. (2010). New beginnings: Racing histories, democracy and media reform. International Journal of Communication, 2, 23–41.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. (2017). What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data & Society, 4(2), 205395171773633. doi: 10.1177/2053951717736335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topak, Ö. E. (2014). The biopolitical border in practice: Surveillance and death at the Greece-Turkey borderzones. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(5), 815–833. doi:10.1068/d13031p
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner, L. (1986). The whale and the reactor. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Young, I. M. (1997). Unruly categories: A critique of Nancy Fraser’s dual systems theory. New Left Review, 222, 14.
   Google Scholar
• Young, I. M. (2000). Inclusion and democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. New York: PublicAffairs.
   Google Scholar