References
- ABC News. (2018). Facebook suspends and investigates data analytics firm Crimson Hexagon. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-21/facebook-suspends-data-analytics-firm-crimson-hexagon/10021378
- Alaimo, K. (2017). All tweets belong in the Library of Congress. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/27/opinions/library-of-congress-should-keep-all-tweets-opinion-alaimo/index.html
- Alaimo, K. (2018). Twitter’s misguided barriers for researchers. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-10-16/twitter-s-barriers-for-academic-researchers-are-misguided
- Baker, B. (2015). Twitter data for research: From understanding relationships to spotting the Aurora Borealis. Twitter Blog. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2015/twitter-data-research.html
- Ball, J. (2018). Is Facebook’s leadership incompetent, or malicious? New Statesman. Retrieved from https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/social-media/2018/11/facebook-s-leadership-incompetent-or-malicious
- Baran, K. S., & Ghaffari, H. (2017). The manifold research fields of Facebook: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 5(2), 33–47. doi: 10.1633/JISTAP.2017.5.2.3
- Bechmann, A., & Vahlstrup, P. B. (2015). Studying Facebook and Instagram data: The Digital Footprints software. First Monday, 20(12), doi: 10.5210/fm.v20i12.5968
- Borra, E., & Rieder, B. (2014). Programmed method: Developing a toolset for capturing and analyzing tweets. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 262–278. doi: 10.1108/AJIM-09-2013-0094
- Bounegru, L., Gray, J., Venturini, T., & Mauri, M. (2017). A field guide to fake news: A collection of recipes for those who love to cook with digital methods. Amsterdam: Public Data Lab. Retrieved from http://fakenews.publicdatalab.org/
- Bruns, A. (2018). Facebook shuts the gate after the horse has bolted, and hurts real research in the process. Internet Policy Review. Retrieved from https://policyreview.info/articles/news/facebook-shuts-gate-after-horse-has-bolted-and-hurts-real-research-process/786
- Bruns, A., Burgess, J., Banks, J., Tjondronegoro, D., Dreiling, A., Hartley, J., … Sadkowsky, T. (2016). TrISMA: Tracking Infrastructure for Social Media Analysis. Retrieved from http://trisma.org/
- Bruns, A., & Weller, K. (2016). Twitter as a first draft of the present – and the challenges of preserving it for the future. In W. Nejdl, W. Hall, P. Parigi, & S. Staab (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Web Science (pp. 183–189). Hannover: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/2908131.2908174.
- Bucher, T. (2013). Objects of intense feeling: The case of the Twitter API. Computational Culture: A Journal of Software Studies, (3), Retrieved from http://computationalculture.net/article/objects-of-intense-feeling-the-case-of-the-twitter-api
- Burgess, J., & Bruns, A. (2015). Easy data, hard data: The politics and pragmatics of Twitter research after the computational turn. In G. Langlois, J. Redden, & G. Elmer (Eds.), Compromised data: From social media to big data (pp. 93–111). New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
- Cadwalladr, C. (2018). ‘I made Steve Bannon’s psychological warfare tool’: Meet the data war whistleblower. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump
- Chapman, S., & Carter, S. M. (2003). “Avoid health warnings on all tobacco products for just as long as we can”: A history of Australian tobacco industry efforts to avoid, delay and dilute health warnings on cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 12(suppl 3), iii13–iii22. doi: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii13
- Constine, J. (2018). Facebook restricts APIs, axes old Instagram platform amidst scandals. TechCrunch. Retrieved from http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/04/04/facebook-instagram-api-shut-down/
- Constine, J., & Hatmaker, T. (2018). Facebook admits Cambridge Analytica hijacked data on up to 87 m users. TechCrunch. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/04/cambridge-analytica-87-million/
- Digital Footprints. (2018). Retrieved from https://digitalfootprints.dk/
- Facebook Newsroom. (2018). Elliot Schrage on Definers. Retrieved from https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/11/elliot-schrage-on-definers/
- Flick, C. (2016). Informed consent and the Facebook emotional manipulation study. Research Ethics, 12(1), 14–28. doi: 10.1177/1747016115599568
- Freelon, D. (2018). Computational research in the post-API age. Political Communication, 35(4), 665–668. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2018.1477506
- Frenkel, S., Confessore, N., Kang, C., Rosenberg, M., & Nicas, J. (2018). Delay, deny and deflect: How Facebook’s leaders fought through crisis. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/technology/facebook-data-russia-election-racism.html
- Gadde, V., & Gasca, D. (2018). Measuring healthy conversation. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/company/2018/measuring_healthy_conversation.html
- Grewal, P. (2018). Suspending Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group from Facebook. Retrieved from https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/03/suspending-cambridge-analytica/
- Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374–378. doi: 10.1126/science.aau2706
- Hughes, C. (2019). It’s time to break up Facebook. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/opinion/sunday/chris-hughes-facebook-zuckerberg.html
- Johnson, R. (2018). Investing in the best Twitter experience for you. Twitter Blog. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/product/2018/investing-in-the-best-twitter-experience-for-you.html
- Kazansky, B., Torres, G., van der Velden, L., Wissenbach, K., & Milan, S. (2019). Data for the social good: Toward a data-activist research agenda. In A. Daly, S. K. Devitt, & M. Mann (Eds.), Good data (pp. 244–259). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures. Retrieved from http://networkcultures.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Good_Data.pdf
- King, G., & Persily, N. (2018). A New Model for Industry-Academic Partnerships. Retrieved from https://gking.harvard.edu/partnerships
- Kirkorian, R. (2014). Twitter #DataGrants selections. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/a/2014/twitter-datagrants-selections.html
- Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University. (2018). Knight Institute Calls on Facebook to Lift Restrictions on Digital Journalism and Research [open letter]. Retrieved from https://knightcolumbia.org/sites/default/files/content/Facebook_Letter.pdf
- Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(24), 8788–8790. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320040111
- Mac, R., & Warzel, C. (2018). Top Facebook security officer’s departing memo: ‘We need to be willing to pick sides’. BuzzFeed News. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/facebook-alex-stamos-memo-cambridge-analytica-pick-sides
- Merrill, J. B., & Tobin, A. (2019). Facebook moves to block ad transparency tools — including ours. ProPublica. Retrieved from https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-blocks-ad-transparency-tools
- Mozilla. (2019a). Open letter: Facebook, do your part against disinformation. Retrieved from https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2019/02/11/open-letter-facebook-do-your-part-against-disinformation
- Mozilla. (2019b). Facebook and Google: This is what an effective Ad Archive API looks like. Retrieved from https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2019/03/27/facebook-and-google-this-is-what-an-effective-ad-archive-api-looks-like
- Nasiritousi, N. (2017). Fossil fuel emitters and climate change: Unpacking the governance activities of large oil and gas companies. Environmental Politics, 26(4), 621–647. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2017.1320832
- NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. (2017). Digital hydra: Security implications of false information online. Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. Retrieved from https://www.stratcomcoe.org/digital-hydra-security-implications-false-information-online
- O’Brien, J. (2011). Removal of export and download / API capabilities. Retrieved from https://twapperkeeper.wordpress.com/2011/02/22/removal-of-export-and-download-api-capabilities/
- Overly, S., & Scola, N. (2019). Facebook expects up to $5B FTC fine. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/24/facebook-ftc-fine-1289564
- Pasternack, A. (2018). Facebook reinstates data firm it suspended for alleged misuse, but surveillance questions linger. Fast Company. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/90219826/why-did-facebook-re-friend-a-data-firm-that-raised-spying-concerns
- Pear Analytics. (2009). Twitter Study – August 2009. San Antonio, TX: Pear Analytics. Retrieved from http://pearanalytics.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Twitter-Study-August-2009.pdf
- Perez, S. (2018). Twitter company email addresses why it’s #BreakingMyTwitter. TechCrunch. Retrieved from http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/08/16/twitter-company-email-addresses-why-its-breakingmytwitter/
- Pfaffenberger, B. (2000). The rhetoric of dread: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) in information technology marketing. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 13(3), 78–92. doi: 10.1007/s12130-000-1022-x
- Poletti, C., & Gray, D. (2019). Good data is critical data: An appeal for critical digital studies. In A. Daly, S. K. Devitt, & M. Mann (Eds.), Good data (pp. 260–276). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures. Retrieved from http://networkcultures.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Good_Data.pdf
- Raymond, E. S. (2001). Why Microsoft smears – and fears – open source. IEEE Spectrum, 38(8), 14–15. doi: 10.1109/6.938720
- Rieder, B. (2013). Studying Facebook via data extraction: The Netvizz application. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference (pp. 346-355). New York, NY, USA: ACM. doi:10.1145/2464464.2464475.
- Rieder, B. (2018). Facebook’s app review and how independent research just got a lot harder. Retrieved from http://thepoliticsofsystems.net/2018/08/facebooks-app-review-and-how-independent-research-just-got-a-lot-harder/
- Rogers, R. (2014). Foreword: Debanalising Twitter: The transformation of an object of study. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, & C. Puschmann (Eds.), Twitter and society (pp. ix-xxvi). New York: Peter Lang.
- Rogers, R. (2018). Social media research after the fake news debacle. Partecipazione e Conflitto: The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies, 11(2), 557–570. doi: 10.1285/i20356609v11i2p557
- Rogers, S. (2013). Tweet marks the spot. Twitter Blog. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2013/tweet-marks-the-spot.html
- Roth, Y., & Johnson, R. (2018). New developer requirements to protect our platform. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/developer/en_us/topics/tools/2018/new-developer-requirements-to-protect-our-platform.html
- Sandvig, C. (2017). Heading to the courthouse for Sandvig v. Sessions. Retrieved from https://socialmediacollective.org/2017/10/19/heading-to-the-courthouse-for-sandvig-v-sessions/
- Schroepfer, M. (2018). An update on our plans to restrict data access on Facebook. Retrieved from https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/restricting-data-access/
- Snelson, C. L. (2016). Qualitative and mixed methods social media research: A review of the literature. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15(1), 1–15. doi: 10.1177/1609406915624574
- Social Science One. (2018a). Retrieved from https://socialscience.one/
- Social Science One. (2018b). Requests for proposals: Social media and democracy research grants. Retrieved from https://socialscience.one/rfps
- Starbird, K. (2018a). This is turning my stomach. Around the same time I was invited to Facebook to give a presentation on online disinformation, FB’s leadership was hiring an influence firm to use disinfo to attack its critics (invoking one of the same tropes that we’d seen Russia use for years). https://twitter.com/passantino/status/1065366769454338048 … [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/katestarbird/status/1065654767773409281
- Starbird, K. (2018b). I know a lot of amazing people who work for Facebook and I know there are people who care working hard to improve how the platform deals with mis/disinformation. But I’m having a hard time reconciling that with this most recent revelation about their own information operations. [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/katestarbird/status/1065658223397560320
- Stone, B. (2010). Tweet preservation. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/a/2010/tweet-preservation.html
- Stromer-Galley, J., Hemsley, J., Tanupabrungsun, S., Zhang, F., Rossini, P., Bryant, L., … Robinson, J. (2016). Illuminating 2016 Project. Retrieved from http://illuminating.ischool.syr.edu
- Su, J., Sharma, A., & Goel, S. (2016). The effect of recommendations on network structure. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web - WWW‘16, 1157-67. Montréal: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/2872427.2883040
- Texifter. (2018). Retrieved from https://sifter.texifter.com/
- Twitter, Inc. (2018). Twitter health metrics proposal submission. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/company/2018/twitter-health-metrics-proposal-submission.html
- United Nations. (1976). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx
- Van Osch, W., & Coursaris, C. K. (2014). Social media research: An assessment of the domain’s productivity and intellectual evolution. Communication Monographs, 81(3), 285–309. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2014.921720
- Van Schie, G., Westra, I., & Schäfer, M. T. (2017). Get your hands dirty: Emerging data practices as challenge for research integrity. In M. T. Schäfer & K. van Es (Eds.), The datafied society: Studying culture through data (pp. 183–200). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- Venturini, T., & Rogers, R. (2019). “API-based research” or How can digital sociology and journalism studies learn from the Facebook and Cambridge Analytica data breach. Digital Journalism, 1–9. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2019.1591927
- Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for research and policy making (DGI(2017)09). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Retrieved from https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Information-Disorder-Toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework.pdf
- Weaver, M. (2018). Facebook scandal: I am being used as scapegoat – academic who mined data. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/21/facebook-row-i-am-being-used-as-scapegoat-says-academic-aleksandr-kogan-cambridge-analytica
- Weller, K., & Kinder-Kurlanda, K. (2015). Uncovering the challenges in collection, sharing and documentation: The hidden data of social media research? In Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (pp. 28-37). Oxford: AAAI Press. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM15/paper/view/10657/10552
- Weller, K., & Kinder-Kurlanda, K. E. (2016). A Manifesto for Data Sharing in Social Media Research. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science (pp. 166-172). New York: ACM Press. Retrieved from http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2908131.2908172
- Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Computational Propaganda Worldwide: Executive Summary (Working Paper 2017.11). Oxford: Computational Propaganda Research Project. Retrieved from http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Casestudies-ExecutiveSummary.pdf
- Yach, D., & Bialous, S. A. (2001). Junking science to promote tobacco. American Journal of Public Health, 91(11), 1745–1748. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1745
- YourTwapperKeeper. (2013). Retrieved from https://github.com/540co/yourTwapperKeeper
- Zimmer, M., & Proferes, N. J. (2014). A topology of Twitter research: Disciplines, methods, and ethics. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 250–261. doi: 10.1108/AJIM-09-2013-0083