916
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Campaign like a girl? Gender and communication on social networking sites in the Czech Parliamentary election

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1622-1639 | Received 01 Feb 2019, Accepted 16 Dec 2019, Published online: 06 Feb 2020

References

  • Adam, S., & Maier, M. (2010). Personalization of politics a critical review and agenda for research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 34(1), 213–257. doi: 10.1080/23808985.2010.11679101
  • Anxo, D., Mencarini, L., Pailhé, A., Solaz, A., Tanturri, M. L., & Flood, L. (2011). Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. Feminist Economics, 17(3), 159–195. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2011.582822
  • Badura, K. L., Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Yan, T. T., & Jeon, G. (2018). Gender and leadership emergence: A meta-analysis and explanatory model. Personnel Psychology, 71(3), 335–367. doi: 10.1111/peps.12266
  • Banwart, M. C., & McKinney, M. S. (2005). A gendered influence in campaign debates? Analysis of mixed-gender United States Senate and gubernatorial debates. Communication Studies, 56(4), 353–373. doi: 10.1080/10510970500319443
  • Banwart, M. C., & Winfrey, K. L. (2013). Running on the web: Online self-presentation strategies in mixed-gender races. Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 614–624. doi:10.1177/0894439313490390.
  • Bauer, N. M., & Carpinella, C. (2017). Visual information and candidate evaluations: The influence of feminine and masculine images on support for female candidates. Political Research Quarterly, 71(2), 395–407. doi:10.1177/1065912917738579.
  • Bene, M. (2017). Go viral on the Facebook! Interactions between candidates and followers on Facebook during the Hungarian general election campaign of 2014. Information, Communication & Society, 20(4), 513–529. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1198411
  • Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
  • Bystrom, D. G., Robertson, T., Banwart, M. C., & Kaid, L. L. (2004). Gender and candidate communication: VideoStyle, WebStyle, NewStyle (1st ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Cameron, M. P., Barrett, P., & Stewardson, B. (2016). Can social media predict election results? Evidence from New Zealand. Journal of Political Marketing, 15(4), 416–432. doi: 10.1080/15377857.2014.959690
  • Campbell, K. K. (1989). Man cannot speak for her: Volume I; a critical study of early feminist rhetoric. New York: Praeger.
  • Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320–334. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00185.x
  • Dittmar, K. (2015). Navigating gendered terrain: Stereotypes and strategy in political campaigns. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Dolan, K. (2005). Do women candidates play to gender stereotypes? Do men candidates play to women? Candidate sex and issues priorities on campaign websites. Political Research Quarterly, 58(1), doi: 10.1177/106591290505800103
  • Druckman, J. N., Kifer, M. J., & Parkin, M. (2009). Campaign communications in U.S. congressional elections. American Political Science Review, 103(3), 343–366. doi: 10.1017/S0003055409990037
  • Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Enli, G. S., & Skogerbø, E. (2013). Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 757–774. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330
  • Fridkin, K., & Kenney, P. (2014). The changing face of representation: The gender of U.S. senators and constituent communications (Reprint ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Gender Equality Index 2017: Czech Republic. (2018). Retrieved from European Institute for Gender Equality website: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-index-2017-czech-republic.
  • Graham, T., Jackson, D., & Broersma, M. (2016). New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 British and Dutch general election campaigns. New Media & Society, 18(5), 765–783. doi: 10.1177/1461444814546728
  • Gustafsson Sendén, M., Klysing, A., Lindqvist, A., & Renström, E. (2019). The (not so) changing man: Dynamic gender stereotypes in Sweden. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 892. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00037
  • Havlík, V., Eibl, O., Gregor, M., Gregor, K., Hrbková, L., Chytilek, R., … Voda, P. (2014). Volby do Poslanecké sněmovny 2013. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita.
  • Herring, S. C., Scheidt, L. A., Kouper, I., & Wright, E. (2006). A longitudinal content analysis of weblogs: 2003–2004. In M. Tremayne (Ed.), Blogging, citizes and the future of media (pp. 3–20). London: Routledge.
  • Herrnson, Paul S., Lay, J. Celeste, & Stokes, Atiya Kai. (2003). Women running “as women”: Candidate gender, campaign issues, and voter-targeting strategies. The Journal of Politics, 65(1), 244–255. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00013.
  • Jamieson, K. H. (1988). Eloquence in an electronic age: The transformation of political speechmaking. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jamieson, K. H. (1995). Beyond the double bind: Women and leadership (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Karlsen, R. (2011). A platform for individualized campaigning? Social media and parliamentary candidates in the 2009 Norwegian election campaign. Policy & Internet, 3(4), 1–25. doi: 10.2202/1944-2866.1137
  • Kouba, K., Nálepová, M., & Filipec, O. (2013). Proč jsou ženy v české politice podreprezentovány? Analýza kandidátních listin a volebního chování v Olomouckém kraji. Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science, 20(4), 372–391. doi:10.5817/PC2013-4-372.
  • Kreiss, D. (2016). Prototype politics: Technology-intensive campaigning and the data of democracy (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kreiss, D., Lawrence, R. G., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). In their own words: Political practitioner accounts of candidates, audiences, affordances, genres, and timing in strategic social media use. Political Communication, 35(1), 8–31. doi:10.1080/10584609.2017.1334727.
  • Křížková, A. (2006). Nezájem pověřených. Přístup českých politiků a političek, úředníků a úřednic k otázkám genderové rovnosti v období před vstupem ČR do EU. Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research), 7(2), 37–41.
  • Kruikemeier, S., van Noort, G., Vliegenthart, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2013). Getting closer: The effects of personalized and interactive online political communication. European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 53–66. doi: 10.1177/0267323112464837
  • Langer, A. I. (2007). A historical exploration of the personalisation of politics in the print media: The British Prime Ministers (1945–1999). Parliamentary Affairs, 60(3), 371–387. doi: 10.1093/pa/gsm028
  • Leaper, C., & Ayres, M. M. (2016). A meta-analytic review of gender variations in adults' language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(4), 328–363. doi:10.1177/1088868307302221.
  • Lee, E.-J., & Oh, S. Y. (2012). To personalize or depersonalize? When and how politicians’ personalized tweets affect the public’s reactions. Journal of Communication, 62(6), 932–949. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01681.x
  • Macková, A. (2017). Nová média v politické komunikaci : politici, občané a online sociální sítě (New media in political communication : politicians, citizens and social networking sites). Brno: Masarykova univerzita.
  • Macková, A., Štětka, V., Zápotocký, J., & Hladík, R. (2018). Who is afraid of the platforms? Adoption and strategies of use of social media by politicians in the Czech Republic. In P. Surowiec, & V. Štětka (Eds.), Social media and politics in central and Eastern Europe (pp. 21–44). London: Routledge.
  • McGregor, S. C., Lawrence, R. G., & Cardona, A. (2017). Personalization, gender, and social media: Gubernatorial candidates’ social media strategies. Information, Communication & Society, 20(2), 264–283. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1167228.
  • McGregor, S. C. (2018). Personalization, social media, and voting: Effects of candidate self-personalization on vote intention. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1139–1160. doi: 10.1177/1461444816686103
  • Meeks, L. (2016). Gendered styles, gendered differences: Candidates’ use of personalization and interactivity on Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13(4), 295–310. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268
  • Metz, M., Kruikemeier, S., & Lecheler, S. (2019). Personalization of politics on Facebook: Examining the content and effects of professional, emotional and private self-personalization. Information, Communication & Society, 0(0), 1–18. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2019.1581244
  • Nielsen, R. K. (2012). Ground wars: Personalized communication in political campaigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Nulty, P., Theocharis, Y., Popa, S. A., Parnet, O., & Benoit, K. (2016). Social media and political communication in the 2014 elections to the European Parliament. Electoral Studies, 44, 429–444. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2016.04.014
  • Pop-Eleches, G., & Tucker, J. (2017). Communism’s shadow: Historical legacies and contemporary political attitudes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018. (2018). Retrieved from the Digital News Report website: http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/.
  • Ross, K., Fountaine, S., & Comrie, M. (2015). Facing up to Facebook: Politicians, publics and the social media(ted) turn in New Zealand. Media, Culture & Society, 37(2), 251–269. doi: 10.1177/0163443714557983
  • Sandberg, L., & Öhberg, P. (2017). The role of gender in online campaigning: Swedish candidate’s motives and use of social media during the European election 2014. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 14(4), 314–333. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2017.1369918
  • Sørensen, M. P. (2016). Members of Parliament on Facebook: Towards an understanding of the pros and cons of online political conversations. In H. Nielsen, C. Fiig, J. Loftager, T. Olesen, L. Stephensen, & M. Sørensen (Eds.), The democratic public sphere. Current challenges and prospects (pp. 197–226). Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Stanyer, J. (2013). Intimate politics: Publicity, privacy and the personal lives of politicians in media saturated democracies (1st ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Stern, S. R. (2002). Virtually speaking: Girls’ self-disclosure on the WWW. Women’s Studies in Communication, 25(2), 223–253. doi: 10.1080/07491409.2002.10162447
  • Stier, S., Bleier, A., Lietz, H., & Strohmaier, M. (2018). Election campaigning on social media: Politicians, audiences, and the mediation of political communication on Facebook and Twitter. Political Communication, 35(1), 50–74. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2017.1334728
  • Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantine.
  • Teigen, M., & Wängnerud, L. (2009). Tracing gender equality cultures: Elite perceptions of gender equality in Norway and Sweden. Politics & Gender, 5(1), 21–44. doi: 10.1017/S1743923X09000026
  • Towns, A. (2002). Paradoxes of (In)equality: Something is rotten in the gender equal state of Sweden. Cooperation and Conflict, 37(2), 157–179. doi: 10.1177/0010836702037002975
  • Van Aelst, P., Sheafer, T., & Stanyer, J. (2012). The personalization of mediated political communication: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 13(2), 203–220. doi: 10.1177/1464884911427802
  • Van Zoonen, L. (2005). A tyranny of intimacy? Women, femininity and television news: Journalism and the public sphere. In P. Dalghren & C. Sparks (Eds.), Communication and citizenship: Journalism and the public sphere (pp. 217–235). doi: 10.4324/9780203977880-10
  • von Hippel, C., Wiryakusuma, C., Bowden, J., & Shochet, M. (2011). Stereotype threat and female communication styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(10), 1312–1324. doi: 10.1177/0146167211410439
  • Walton, C. S., & Rice, R. E. (2013). Mediated disclosure on Twitter: The roles of gender and identity in boundary impermeability, valence, disclosure, and stage. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1465–1474. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.033
  • Wang, S. S., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013). Showing off? Human mobility and the interplay of traits, self-disclosure, and Facebook check-ins. Social Science Computer Review, 31(4), 437–457. doi: 10.1177/0894439313481424
  • Wood, J. T. (1994). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture. Belmnot: Wadsworth Pub.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.