References
- Aslama, M., Hellman, H., & Sauri, T. (2004). Does market-entry regulation matter? Competition in television broadcasting and programme diversity in Finland, 1993–2002. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 66(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204041473.
- Beiler, M. (2013). Nachrichtensuche im Internet: Inhaltsanalyse zur journalistischen Qualität von Nachrichtensuchmaschinen [Searching for news on the Internet: Content analysis on journalistic quality comparing five news search engines]. UVK.
- Benson, R. (2009). What makes news more multiperspectival? A field analysis. Poetics, 37(5–6), 402–418. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2009.09.002
- d'Haenens, L., van der Wurff, R., van Cuilenburg, J., Vettehen, P. H., Vergeer, M., Huysmans, F., & de Haan, J. (2005). Media Diversity. Communications, 30(3), 293–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2005.30.3.293.
- Donohue, T. R., & Glasser, T. L. (1978). Homogeneity in coverage of Connecticut newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 55(3), 592–596. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/107769907805500328
- Dutton, W. H., Reisdorf, B. C., Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2017). Search and politics: The uses and impacts of search in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United States (Quello Center Working Paper No. 5-1-17).
- Epstein, R., & Robertson, R. E. (2015). The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections. PNAS, 112(33), E4512–E4521. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419828112
- European Commission. (2010). Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the regions: A digital agenda for Europe. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0245R(01)&from=EN
- Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Automated serendipity: The effect of using search engines on news repertoire balance and diversity. Digital Journalism, 6(8), 976–989. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1502045
- Fuchs, C. (2019, March 11). Geplanter Medienstaatsvertrag: Mischung für Millionen [Draft of the, interstate treaty on media: Mixture for millions]. Sueddeutsche.de. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/medien/geplanter-medienstaatsvertrag-mischung-fuer-millionen-1.4364339
- Geiß, S. (2015). Die Aufmerksamkeitsspanne der Öffentlichkeit: Eine Studie zur Dauer und Intensität von Meinungsbildungsprozessen [The public attention span: A study on the duration and intensity of opinion-forming processes]. Nomos.
- Gerhart, S. (2004). Do web search engines suppress controversy? First Monday, 9(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v9i1.1111
- Granka, L. (2010). The politics of search: A decade retrospective. The Information Society, 26(5), 364–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2010.511560
- Haas, A., & Unkel, J. (2017). Ranking versus reputation: Perception and effects of search result credibility. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36(12), 1285–1298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2017.1381166
- Haim, M., Graefe, A., & Brosius, H.-B. (2018). Burst of the filter bubble? Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google news. Digital Journalism, 6(3), 330–343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1338145
- Hannák, A., Sapieżyński, P., Molavi Kakhki, A., Krishnamurthy, B., Lazer, D., Mislove, A., & Wilson, C. (2013). Measuring personalization of web search. WWW ’13: Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 527–537). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2488388.2488435
- Hargittai, E. (2000). Open portals or closed gates? Channeling content on the World Wide Web. Poetics, 27(4), 233–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-422X(00)00006-1
- Haßler, J., Maurer, M., & Oschatz, C. (2014). Media logic and political logic online and offline. Journalism Practice, 8(3), 326–341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.889451
- Helberger, N. (2011). Diversity by design. Journal of Information Policy, 1, 441–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0441
- Hu, D., Jiang, S. E., Robertson, R., & Wilson, C. (2019). Auditing the partisanship of Google search snippets. WWW ’19: Proceedings of the World Wide Web conference (pp. 693–704). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313654
- Humprecht, E., & Esser, F. (2018). Diversity in online news. Journalism Studies, 19(12), 1825–1847. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1308229
- Ieong, S., Mishra, N., Sadikov, E., & Zhang, L. (2012). Domain bias in web search. WSDM ’12: Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on web search and data mining (pp. 413–422). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2124295.2124345
- Jacobi, C., Kleinen-von Königslöw, K., & Ruigrok, N. (2016). Political news content in online and print newspapers: Are online editions better by electoral democratic standards? Digital Journalism, 4(6), 723–742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1087810
- Jandura, O., & Friedrich, K. (2014). The quality of political media coverage. In C. Reinemann (Ed.), Political communication (pp. 351–373). de Gruyter.
- Jansen, B., & Spink, A. (2006). How are we searching the world wide web? A comparison of nine search engine transaction logs. Information Processing and Management, 42(1), 248–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2004.10.007
- Jürgens, P., & Stark, B. (2017). The power of default on Reddit: A general model to measure the influence of information intermediaries. Policy & Internet, 9(4), 395–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.166.
- Just, N. (2009). Measuring media concentration and diversity: New approaches and instruments in Europe and the US. Media Culture Society, 31(1), 97–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443708098248
- Karppinen, K. E. (2006). Media diversity and the politics of criteria: Diversity assessment and technocratisation of European media policy. Nordicom Review, 27(2), 53–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0230
- Kulshrestha, J., Eslami, M., Messias, J., Zafar, M. B., Ghosh, S., Gummadi, K. P., & Karahalios, K. (2019). Search bias quantification: Investigating political bias in social media and web search. Information Retrieval Journal, 22(1), 188–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-018-9341-2
- Latzer, M., Hollnbuchner, K., Just, N., & Saurwein, F. (2016). The economics of algorithmic selection on the Internet. In J. M. Bauer & M. Latzer (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of the Internet (pp. 395–425). Edward Elgar.
- Li, N., Anderson, A. A., Brossard, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2014). Channeling science information seekers’ attention? A content analysis of top-ranked vs. lower-ranked sites in Google. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 562–575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12043
- Magin, M., Steiner, M., Heinbach, D., Bosold, S., Pieper, A., Felka, E.-M., & Stark, B. (2015). Suchmaschinen auf dem Prüfstand – eine vergleichende Inhaltsanalyse der Qualität von Trefferlisten [Search engines put to the test – a comparative content analysis of the quality of result pages]. Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 63(4), 495–516. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5771/1615-634X-2015-4.
- Magin, M., Steiner, M., & Stark, B. (2019). Suche im Netz – einseitige oder vielfältige Informationsquelle? Eine Inhaltsanalyse der politischen Informationsvielfalt von Suchmaschinenergebnissen [Searching the net - one-sided or multiple sources of information? A content analysis of the political information diversity of search engines]. Media Perspektiven, (9), 421–429. https://www.ard-werbung.de/media-perspektiven/fachzeitschrift/2019/detailseite-2019/suche-im-netz-einseitige-oder-vielfaeltige-informationsquelle/.
- Masini, A., van Aelst, P., Zerback, T., Reinemann, C., Mancini, P., Mazzoni, M., Damiani, M., & Coen, S. (2018). Measuring and explaining the diversity of voices and viewpoints in the news. Journalism Studies, 19(15), 2324–2343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1343650
- McDonald, D. G., & Dimmick, J. (2003). The conceptualization and measurement of diversity. Communication Research, 30(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202239026
- McMahon, C., Johnson, I., & Hecht, B. (2017). The substantial interdependence of Wikipedia and Google: A case study on the relationship between peer production communities and information technologies. Proceedings of the eleventh international AAAI conference on web and social media, ICWSM 2017 (pp. 142–151). AAAI Press.
- McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest. Sage.
- Metaxas, P. T., & Pruksachatkun, Y. (2017). Manipulation of search engine results during the 2016 US congressional elections. Proceedings of the ICIW 2017, Venice, Italy.
- Möller, J., Helberger, N., & Makhortykh, M. (2019). Filter bubbles in the Netherlands? https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Filter-bubbles-in-the-Netherlands.pdf
- Möller, J., Trilling, D., Helberger, N., & van Es, B. (2018). Do not blame it on the algorithm: An empirical assessment of multiple recommender systems and their impact on content diversity. Information, Communication & Society, 21(7), 959–977. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444076
- Mowshowitz, A., & Kawaguchi, A. (2002). Assessing bias in search engines. Information Processing & Management, 38(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4573(01)00020-6
- Napoli, P. M. (1999). Deconstructing the diversity principle. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 7–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02815.x
- Neuberger, C., & Lobigs, F. (2010). Die Bedeutung des Internets im Rahmen der Vielfaltssicherung: Gutachten im Auftrag der Kommission zur Ermittlung der Konzentration im Medienbereich [The role of the Internet for safeguarding diversity. Report on behalf of the commission of media concentration monitoring]. Vistas.
- Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2019). Reuters Institute digital news report 2019. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_0.pdf
- O'Hare, R. (2016, June 24). Google search spike suggests many people don't know why they voted for Brexit. Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3657997/Britain-s-Google-searches-hint-people-didn-t-know-voting-for.html
- Pan, B., Hembrooke, H., Joachims, T., Lorigo, L., Gay, G., & Granka, L. (2007). In Google we trust: Users’ decisions on rank, position, and relevance. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(3), 801–823. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00351.x
- Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. Penguin Books.
- Quarfoot, D., & Levine, R. A. (2016). How robust are multirater interrater reliability indices to changes in frequency distribution? The American Statistician, 70(4), 373–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1141708
- Robertson, R. E., Jiang, S., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Lazer, D., & Wilson, C. (2018). Auditing partisan audience bias within Google search. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3274417
- Saurwein, F., Just, N., & Latzer, M. (2015). Governance of algorithms: Options and limitations. Info, 17(6), 35–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2015-0025
- SEO. (2017). Suchmaschinen – Liste & Marktanteile: Entwicklung und Marktanteile der beliebtesten Suchmaschinen in Deutschland [Search engines and their market shares: Development and market shares of the most popular search engines in Germany]. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from https://seo-summary.de/suchmaschinen/
- Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press.
- Stark, B. (2014). „Don’t be evil“. Die Macht von Google und die Ohnmacht der Nutzer und Regulierer ["Don't be evil". The power of Google and the powerlessness of users and regulators]. In B. Stark, D. Dörr, & S. Aufenanger (Eds.), Die „Googleisierung“ der Informationssuche. Suchmaschinen zwischen Nutzung und Regulierung (pp. 1–19). Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Trevisan, F., Hoskins, A., Oates, S., & Mahlouly, D. (2018). The Google voter: Search engines and elections in the new media ecology. Information, Communication & Society, 21(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1261171
- Trielli, D., & Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Search as news curator: The role of Google in shaping attention to news information. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, CHI’19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300683
- Unkel, J., & Haim, M. (2019). Googling politics: Parties, sources, and issue ownerships on Google in the 2017 German federal Election campaign. Social Science Computer Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319881634
- van Cuilenburg, J. (2000). On measuring media competition and media diversity: Concepts, theories and methods. In R. G. Picard (Ed.), Measuring media content, quality and diversity: Approaches and issues in content research (pp. 51–84). Turku School for Economics and Business Administration.
- van Cuilenburg, J. (2007). Media diversity, competition and concentration: Concepts and theories. In E. de Bens, C. Hamelink, K. Jakkubowicz, K. Nordenstreng, J. van Cuilenburg, & R. van der Wurff (Eds.), Media between culture and commerce (pp. 25–54). Intellect.
- van Hoboken, J. (2012). Search engine freedom: On the implications of the right to freedom of expression for the legal governance of web search engines [Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam]. UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository). https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1769429/104098_thesis.pdf