References
- Anderson, L. V. (2015, July 2). What was Peagate? Slate. https://slate.com/culture/2015/07/new-york-times-pea-guacamole-controversy-a-deep-analysis-of-the-tweet-that-outraged-america.html
- Andrews, K. T., & Caren, N. (2010). Making the news: Movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841–866. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
- Baumgartner, J., Zannettou, S., Keegan, B., Squire, M., & Blackburn, J. (2020, May). The pushshift reddit dataset. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 14, pp. 830–839.
- Beeferman, D., Brannon, W., & Roy, D. (2019). RadioTalk: A large-scale corpus of talk radio transcripts. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.07073.
- Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
- Burgess, J., & Baym, N. K. (2020). Twitter: A biography. NYU Press.
- Carman, M., Koerber, M., Li, J., Choo, K. K. R., & Ashman, H. (2018, August). Manipulating visibility of political and apolitical threads on Reddit via score boosting. In 2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications/12th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering (TrustCom/BigDataSE) (pp. 184–190). IEEE.
- Carson, R. (2002). Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Chen, A., Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Robertson, R., & Wilson, C. (2021). Exposure to alternative & extremist content on YouTube. Anti-defamation league research publication. https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/exposure-to-alternative-extremist-content-on-youtube
- Cogburn, D. L., & Espinoza-Vasquez, F. K. (2011). From networked nominee to networked nation: Examining the impact of Web 2.0 and social media on political participation and civic engagement in the 2008 Obama campaign. Journal of Political Marketing, 10(1–2), 189–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2011.540224
- Collins, K., & Roose, K. (2018, November 4). Tracing a meme from the internet’s fringes to a Republican slogan. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/04/technology/jobs-not-mobs.html
- Cooper, W. S. (1957). Sir Arthur Tansley and the science of ecology. Ecology, 38(4), 658–659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1943136
- Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., & Watts, D. J. (2003). An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science, 301(5634), 827–829. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1081058
- Ebner, J. (2017). The rage: The vicious circle of Islamist and far-right extremism. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Eickelman, D. F., & Anderson, J. W. (2003). New media in the Muslim world: The emerging public sphere. Indiana University Press.
- Elton, C. S. (2001). Animal ecology. University of Chicago Press.
- Ernst & Young. (2011, March 14). New study shows profitability and growth in media & entertainment. Press release. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-study-shows-profitability-and-growth-in-media–entertainment-117927419.html
- Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., & Clark, M. (2016). Beyond the hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact, American University. https://cmsimpact.org/resource/beyond-hashtags-ferguson-blacklivesmatter-online-struggle-offline-justice/
- Frenkel, S., Decker, B., & Alba, D. (2020, May 21). How the ‘Plandemic’ movie and its falsehoods spread widely online. The New York Times.
- Giglietto, F., Righetti, N., Rossi, L., & Marino, G. (2020). It takes a village to manipulate the media: Coordinated link sharing behavior during 2018 and 2019 Italian elections. Information. Communication & Society, 23(6), 867–891. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1739732
- Green-Pedersen, C., & Stubager, R. (2010). The political conditionality of mass media influence: When do parties follow mass media attention? British Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 663–677. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000037
- Griswold, E. (2012, September 21). How “Silent Spring” ignited the environmental movement. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how-silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html
- Guhl, J., & Davey, J. (2020, August 10). Hosting the ‘Holohoax’: A snapshot of Holocaust denial across social media. ISD Global [Whitepaper]. https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Hosting-the-Holohoax.pdf
- Heft, A., Knüpfer, C., Reinhardt, S., & Mayerhöffer, E. (2021). Toward a transnational information ecology on the right? Hyperlink networking among right-wing digital news sites in Europe and the United States. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(2), 484–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220963670
- Internet Archive. (n.d.). Internet Archive TV News. https://archive.org/details/tv
- ISD Global. (2020). Transatlantic journeys of far-right narratives through online-media ecosystems. ISD Global [whitepaper]. https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/TransAtlanticJourneysofFar-RightNarratives_v4.pdf
- Mailland, J., & Driscoll, K. (2017). Minitel: Welcome to the internet (Platform studies). MIT Press.
- Marketwatch. (2020, April 28). Plummeting digital Ad market may complicate life for Google, Facebook. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/as-demand-for-digital-advertising-plummets-google-and-facebook-could-have-shrinking-revenues-2020-04-28
- The Markup. (2020, October 16). The Citizen browser project – Auditing the algorithms of discrimination. https://themarkup.org/citizen-browser
- McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
- McIntosh, R. P. (1986). The background of ecology: Concept and theory. Cambridge University Press.
- Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., Shearer, E. (2016, July 7). The modern news consumer. Pew Research Center Report. https://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/pathways-to-news/
- Mozilla. (n.d.). About Mozilla Ion. https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/about-mozilla-ion
- Nadim, M., & Fladmoe, A. (2021). Silencing women? Gender and online harassment. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2).
- Nadler, A., Crain, M., & Donovan, J. (2018). Weaponizing the digital influence machine. Data & Society report. https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DS_Digital_Influence_Machine.pdf
- Narayanan, V., Kollanyi, B., Hajela, R., Barthwal, A., Marchal, N., & Howard, P. N. (2019). News and information over Facebook and WhatsApp during the Indian election campaign. Data Memo, 2.
- Nieman Reports. (1999, June 15). Newspapers arrive at economic crossroads. https://niemanreports.org/articles/newspapers-arrive-at-economic-crossroads/
- O’Sullivan, D. (2018, January 27). Russian bots retweeted Trump nearly 500,000 times in final weeks of 2016 campaign. CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2018/01/27/technology/business/russian-twitter-bots-election-2016/index.html
- Peterson, C. (2016). Case study: “Bury until they change their ways”– The Digg Patriots and/as user-generated censorship. In Gordon, E., & Mihailidis, P. (Eds.). (2016). Civic media: Technology, design, practice. MIT Press.
- Pew Research Center. (2019, July 9). Newspaper Fact Sheet. https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/newspapers/
- Postman, N. (1970). The reformed English curriculum. In A. C. Eurich (Ed.), High school 1980: The shape of the future in American secondary education (pp. 8). Pitman Publishing.
- Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death. Viking.
- Postman, N. (1990, October 11). Informing ourselves to death [Speech to the German Informatics Society]. Transcript. https://web.williams.edu/HistSci/curriculum/101/informing.html
- Rauchfleisch, A., & Kaiser, J. (2020). The false positive problem of automatic bot detection in social science research. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication No. 2020-3.
- Reddit. (n.d.). What constitutes vote cheating or vote manipulation? https://www.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043066412
- Robertson, R. E., Lazer, D., & Wilson, C. (2018, April). Auditing the personalization and composition of politically-related search engine results pages. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (pp. 955–965). Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva.
- Sandvig, C., Hamilton, K., Karahalios, K., & Langbort, C. (2014). Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. In Data and discrimination: Converting critical concerns into productive inquiry, 22, 4349–4357.
- Schultz, A. (2020, November 10). What do people actually see on Facebook in the US? Facebook. https://about.fb.com/news/2020/11/what-do-people-actually-see-on-facebook-in-the-us/
- Silva, M., Santos de Oliveira, L., Andreou, A., Vaz de Melo, P. O., Goga, O., & Benevenuto, F. (2020, April). Facebook ads monitor: An independent auditing system for political ads on Facebook. In Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 (pp. 224–234). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
- Simon, H. (1969). Designing organizations for an information-rich world. [Lecture] Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
- Statista. (2020). Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide as of 3rd quarter 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide
- Sterman, J. D. (1994). Learning in and about complex systems. System Dynamics Review, 10(2–3), 291–330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/sdr.4260100214
- Taneja, H., & Wu, A. X. (2014). Does the great Firewall really isolate the Chinese? Integrating access blockage with cultural factors to explain Web user behavior. The Information Society, 30(5), 297–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2014.944728
- Tansley, A. G. (1935). The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16(3), 284–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1930070
- Thornbecke, C. (2020, July 10). NAACP president calls Facebook a “threat to democracy,” says ad boycott isn’t dying down soon. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/naacp-president-calls-facebook-threat-democracy-ad-boycott/story?id=71695281
- Tucker, I. (2020, July 26). Roger McNamee: “Facebook is a threat to whatever remains of democracy in the US”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jul/26/roger-mcnamee-facebook-is-a-threat-to-whatever-remains-of-democracy-in-the-us
- Twitter. (2020). Twitter investor fact sheet. https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2020/q2/Q2_20__InvestorFactSheet.pdf
- Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Report, 27, 1–107.
- Wong, J., Lewis, P., & Davies, H. (2018, April 24). How academic at centre of Facebook scandal tried – and failed – to spin personal data into gold. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/apr/24/aleksandr-kogan-cambridge-analytica-facebook-data-business-ventures
- YouTube. (2020). YouTube Official Blog. https://blog.youtube/press
- Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., De Cristofaro, E., Kourtelris, N., Leontiadis, I., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2017, November). The web centipede: understanding how web communities influence each other through the lens of mainstream and alternative news sources. In Proceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference (pp. 405–417). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
- Zuckerman, E. (2019). Four problems for news and democracy. Trust, Media and Democracy. https://medium.com/trust-media-and-democracy/we-know-the-news-is-in-crisis-5d1c4fbf7691