References
- Abed, G., & Davoodi, H. (2003). Challenges of Growth and Globalization in the Middle East and North Africa. [online] International Monetary Fund. Retrieved June 26, 2021, from <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/abed.htm >
- Abidin, C. (2020). Mapping Internet celebrity on TikTok: Exploring attention economies and visibility labours. Cultural Science Journal, 12(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.140
- Abidin, C. (2021). From “networked publics” to “refracted publics”: A companion framework for researching “below the radar” studies. Social Media + Society, 7(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/205630512098445
- Abidin, C., & Kaye, D. (2021). Udio memes, earworms, and templatability: The ‘aural turn’ of memes on TikTok. In C. Arkenbout, J. Willson, & D. de Zeeuw (Eds.), Critical meme reader: Global mutations of the viral image (pp. 58–69). Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences.
- Acqua. (1997). Barbie girl. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = ZyhrYis509A >
- AFC. (2021). ‘My heart is in pieces’: Afghanistan’s social media influencers. [online] Aljazeera.com. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/afghanistan-social-media-influencers-taliban-instagram-youtube >
- Alexander, J. (2020). Instagram launches reels, its attempt to keep you off TikTok. [online] The Verge. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from <https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/5/21354117/instagram-reels-tiktok-vine-short-videos-stories-explore-music-effects-filters >
- AoIR. (2019). Internet research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0 Association of Internet researchers. [online] Aoir.org. Retrieved May 24, 2021, from <https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf >
- AsiaSociety. (2021). Persian Language. [online] Asia Society. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from <https://asiasociety.org/persian-language >
- Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). Empowered: Popular feminism and popular misogyny. Duke University Press.
- Bardon, T., & Josserand, E. (2011). A Nietzschean reading of Foucauldian thinking: Constructing a project of the self within an ontology of becoming. Organization, 18(4), 497–515. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508410384758
- Baulch, E., & Pramiyanti, A. (2018). Hijabers on Instagram: Using visual social media to construct the ideal Muslim woman. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118800308
- Belting, H. (2011). Florence & Baghdad: Renaissance art and Arab science. Mass.: Harvard University.
- Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture. Routledge.
- Brock, A. (2018). Critical technocultural discourse analysis. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1012–1030. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816677532
- Butler, J. (1995). Gender trouble. Routledge.
- Butler, J. (1997). The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Cascone, K. (2000). The aesthetics of failure: “Post-digital” tendencies in contemporary computer music. Computer Music Journal, 24(4), 12–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/014892600559489
- Clarke, M. (2018). Global South: What does it mean and why use the term?. [online] Global South Political Commentaries. Retrieved December 21, 2020, from <https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/globalsouthpolitics/2018/08/08/global-south-what-does-it-mean-and-why-use-the-term/>
- Cramer, F. (2015). What is ‘post-digital’? Postdigital Aesthetics, 3(1), 12–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137437204_2
- D'souza, D. (2021). What Is TikTok? Retrieved 28 February 2022, from https://www.investopedia.com/what-is-tiktok-4588933
- Duffy, B., & Hund, E. (2015). “Having it all” on social media: Entrepreneurial femininity and self-branding among fashion bloggers. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604337
- Foucault, M. (1970). The archaeology of knowledge. Social Science Information, 9(1), 175–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847000900108
- Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and punish: Birth of the prison. Penguin.
- Foucault, M. (1994). The order of things: An archeology of the human sciences. Routledge.
- Foucault, M. (2000). The subject and power. In J. Faubion (Ed.), Michel Foucault, power: Essential works of Foucault 1954–1984 (3rd ed, pp. 326–348). Penguin.
- Geyser, W. (2022). TikTok statistics – revenue, users & engagement stats (2022). [online] Influencer Marketing Hub. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from <https://influencermarketinghub.com/tiktok-stats/>
- Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898
- Goodwin, M., & Alim, H. (2010). “Whatever (neck roll, eye roll, teeth suck)”: The situated coproduction of social categories and identities through stancetaking and transmodal stylization. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 20(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01056.x
- Grewal, I., & Kaplan, C. (2006). Scattered hegemonies. University of Minnesota Press.
- Hayes, S. (2019). The Labour of Words in Higher Education. Leiden: Brill Sense.
- Heller, K. (1996). Power, subjectification and resistance in foucault. SubStance, 25(1), 78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3685230
- Hopkyns, S., Zoghbor, W., & John Hassall, P. (2018). Creative hybridity over linguistic purity: The status of English in the United Arab Emirates. Asian Englishes, 20(2), 158–169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2017.1415518
- Hurley, Z. (2019). Imagined affordances of Instagram and the fantastical authenticity of Gulf-Arab social media influencers. Social Media + Society, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118819241
- Hurley, Z. (2021a). #Reimagining Arab women’s social media empowerment and the postdigital condition. Social Media + Society, 7(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211010169
- Hurley, Z. (2021b). Arab women’s veiled affordances on Instagram: A feminist semiotic inquiry. Feminist Media Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1986848
- Hurley, Z., & Al-Ali, K. (2021). Feminist postdigital inquiry in the ruins of pandemic universities. Postdigital Science and Education, 3, 771–792. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-021-00254-4
- Ibrahim, M., & Momand, M. K. (2022). In Afghanistan, Taliban diktat sparks debate about women’s attire. [online] Aljazeera.com. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/26/holdafghan-women-denounce-talibans-burqa-campaign >
- Jandrić, P., Ryberg, T., Knox, J., Lacković, N., Hayes, S., Suoranta, J., Smith, M., Steketee, A., Peters, M., McLaren, P., Ford, D., Asher, G., McGregor, C., Stewart, G., Williamson, B., & Gibbons, A. (2019). Postdigital dialogue. Postdigital Science and Education, 1(1), 163–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-018-0011-x
- Jaworski, A., & Coupland, N. (1999). The discourse reader (1st ed). Routledge.
- Kennedy, M. (2020). ‘If the rise of the TikTok dance and e-girl aesthetic has taught us anything, it’s that teenage girls rule the internet right now’: TikTok celebrity, girls and the coronavirus crisis. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(6), 1069–1076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420945341
- Le Renard, A. (2019). Covering women’s rights, silencing suppression. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 15(2), 251–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1215/15525864-7491199
- Mahler, A. (2018). From the tricontinental to the Global South: Race, radicalism, and transnational solidarity. Duke University Press.
- Martinelli, D. (2020). What you see is what you hear: Creativity and communication in audiovisual texts. Springer Nature.
- McRobbie, A., & Garber, J. (2021). Girls and subcultures. In S. Hall, & T. Jefferson (Eds.), Resistance through rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war britain (pp. 209–223). Hutchinson.
- Morris, O. (2020). Amy Roko: The Saudi woman breaking down stereotypes in the GCC – Emirates Woman. [online] Emirates Woman. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from <https://emirateswoman.com/amy-roko-saudi-woman-breaking-stereotypes-gcc/>
- Nakamura, L. (2007). Digitizing race: Visual cultures of the internet. University of Minnesota Press.
- Noor, P. (2020). The comedian going viral for lip-syncing Trump: ‘People really hate him’. [online] The Guardian. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from <https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/14/trump-lip-sync-video-memes-sarah-cooper-tiktoks-interview >
- Nowicka, M. (2020). (Dis)connecting migration: Transnationalism and nationalism beyond connectivity. Comparative Migration Studies, 8(1), 2–13 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00175-4
- Salem, S. (2018). Intersectionality and its discontents: Intersectionality as traveling theory. European Journal of Women's Studies, 25(4), 403–418. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506816643999
- Skinner, D. (2013). Foucault, subjectivity and ethics: Towards a self-forming subject. Organization, 20(6), 904–923. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508412460419
- TIAGZ. (2020). Muffins in the frezeer. [online] Youtube.com. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = IQKWSAqUcdA >
- Wertheimer, T. (2021). Afghan music school falls silent under Taliban rule. [online] BBC News. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58344197>
- Zappavigna, M. (2016). Social media photography: Construing subjectivity in Instagram images. Visual Communication, 15(3), 271–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357216643220