References
- Amnesty International UK. (2018). Toxic Twitter: A toxic place for Twitter; Retrieved 23 August 2018, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2018/03/online-violence-against-women-chapter-1/
- Anstead, N., & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). The emerging viewertariat and BBC question time. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(4), 440–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211415519
- Auxier, B. (2020). Social media continue to be important political outlets for Black Americans, pew research center, 11 December, Retrieved 15 February 2021 from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/11/social-media-continue-to-be-important-political-outlets-for-black-americans/
- Beard, M. [wmarybeard]. (2018a, February 16). Of course one can’t condone the (alleged) behaviour of Oxfam staff in Haiti and elsewhere. But i do wonder how [Tweet]. Retrieved 20 August, 2018 from https://twitter.com/wmarybeard/status/964613592833253376?lang=en
- Beard, M. [wmarybeard]. (2018b, February 17). Thanks to those who have engaged with this. There is no right answer here. I just wish we were not so. [Tweet]. Retrieved 24 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/wmarybeard/status/964972488500408320
- Beard, M. (2018c, February 17). Oxfam, TLS. Retrieved 10 August, 2018, from, https://www.the-tls.co.uk/oxfam/
- Beninger, K. (2017). Social media user’ views on the ethics of social media research. In L. Sloan & A. Quan-Haase (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social media research methods (pp. 57–73). SAGE Publications.
- Bhambra, G. K. (2017). Brexit, trump and ‘methodological whiteness’: On the misrecognition of race and class. The British Journal of Sociology, 68(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12317
- Bhopal, K. (2021, 31 March). The sewell report displays a basic misunderstanding of how racism works, The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April, 2021, from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/31/sewell-report-racism-government-racial-disparity-uk
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality on the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. Fifth Edition.
- British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC]. (2018, February 20). Oxfam haiti scandal: Thousands cancel donations to charity, BBC. Retrieved 18 August, 2018, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43121833
- Bruns, A. (2019). Are filter bubbles real? Polity Press.
- Bruns, A., Moon, B., Paul, A., & Münch, F. (2016). Towards a typology of hashtag publics: A large-scale comparative study of user engagement across trending topics. Communication Research and Practice, 2(1), 20–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1155328
- Cho, H., & Lee, J. (2008). Collaborative information seeking in intercultural computer-mediated communication groups. Communication Research, 35(4), 548–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208315982
- D’Ancona, M. (2018, February 21). Mary Beard doesn’t deserve the abuse of the crazed social media mob. Evening Standard. Retrieved 10 August, 2018, from, https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/mary-beard-doesn-t-deserve-the-abuseof-the-crazed-social-media-mob-a3772291.html
- Drisko, J., & Maschi, T. (2015). Content analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com.sheffield.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190215491.001.0001/acprof-9780190215491
- Dubey, A. (2020). The resurgence of cyber racism during the COVID-19 pandemic and its after Effects: Analysis of sentiments and emotions in tweets. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e19833. https://doi.org/10.2196/19833
- Dunt, I. (2018, February 18). Mary Beard is a national treasure. As a popular historian, she is basically unsurpassed, combining storytelling, vivid colour, impeccable research and eye-opening analysis. [Tweet]. Retrieved 21 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/iandunt/status/965212419881652224?lang=en
- Duong- Pedica, A. [anaisdpedica]. (2018, February 17). Not going to keep retweeting Mary Beard but I just want it to be noted that her last tweets (saying [Tweet]. Retrieved 20 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/anaisdpedica/status/965007179488157696?lang=en
- Eddo-Lodge, R. (2017). Why I’m No longer talking to white people about race. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- El- Enany, N. [NadineElEnany]. (2018, February 18). Thread. Inspired by the powerful response from @PriyamvadaGopal to Mary Beard @wmarybeard https://medium.com/@zen.catgirl/response-to-mary-beard-91a6cf2f53b6 … Today @sarahjkeenan and I re-read Audre Lorde's Letter to Mary Daly: http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lordeopenlettertomarydaly.html [Tweet]. Retrieved 20 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/NadineElEnany/status/965217544746553344
- Farkas, J., Schou, J., & Neumayer, C. (2018). Platformed antagonism: Racist discourses on fake Muslim Facebook pages. Critical Discourse Studies, 15(5), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2018.1450276
- Feagin, J. R. (2013). The white racial frame: Centuries of racial framing and counter-framing. Routledge.
- Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. J. (2014). Revolt on the right: Explaining support for the radical right in britain. Routledge.
- Franzke, A. S., Bechmann, A., Zimmer, M., Ess, C., & the Association of Internet Researchers (2020). Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
- Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., & Clark, M. D. (2016). Beyond the hashtags: #ferguson, #blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact, American University.
- Gleason, B. (2013). #Occupy wall street. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 966–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479372
- Gopal, P. (2018a, February 18). Response to Mary Beard, Medium. Retrieved 10 August, 2018, from, https://medium.com/@zen.catgirl/response-to-mary-beard-91a6cf2f53b6
- Gopal, P. [PriyamvadaGopal]. (2018b, February 18). I'm truly confused. Mary Beard tweeted her blogpost at me, tagging me. It was a public post. I responded publicly [Tweet]. Retrieved 20 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/priyamvadagopal/status/965318296043171840?lang=en
- Hamad, R. (2019). Twitter, tears and strategic powerlessness, Retrieved 7 September 2021 from: https://www.killyourdarlings.com.au/article/twitter-tears-and-strategic-powerlessness/
- Hirsch, A. (2018, February 20). Oxfam abuse scandal is built on the aid industry’s white saviour mentality. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/20/oxfam-abuse-scandal-haiti-colonialism
- Hughey, M., & Daniels, J. (2013). Racist comments at online news sites: A methodological dilemma for discourse analysis. Media, Culture & Society, 35(3), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443712472089
- Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
- Madood, T. (2014). Multiculturalism and britishness: Provocations, hostilities and advances. In R. Garbaye, & P. Schnapper (Eds.), The politics of ethnic diversity in the British isles (pp. 21–35). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Martinot, S. (2010). The machinery of whiteness. Temple University Press.
- Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media, manipulation and disinformation online (data and society). Retrieved 26 June, 2018, from https://datasociety.net/output/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/
- Mason, D. (2000). Race and Ethnicity in modern britain. Oxford University Press.
- Matamoros-Fernandez, A. (2017). Platformed racism: The mediation and circulation of an Australian race-based controversy on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Information, Communication & Society, 20(6), 930–946. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1293130
- Matamoros-Fernandez, A. (2018). Inciting anger through Facebook reactions in Belgium: The use of emoji and related vernacular expressions in racist discourse. First Monday, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9405
- Matamoros-Fernandez, A., & Farkas, J. (2021). Racism, hate speech, and social media: A systematic review and critique. Television & New Media, 22(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476420982230
- Miller, K., & Smith, J. (2017). Toplines: Anti-Islamic hate on twitter, https://www.demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Results-Methods-Paper-MOPAC-SUMMIT-Demos.pdf
- Mouffe, C. (2013). Agonistics: Thinking the World politically. Verso Books.
- Moutet, A. E. [moutet]. (2018, February 18). “Comrade, make your auto-critique now and fully accept your guilt before you get sent out to the countryside commune for re-education.” [Tweet]. Retrieved 17 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/moutet/status/965220544458174465
- Nakamura, L. (2014). “I WILL DO EVERYthing that am asked’: Scambaiting, digital show-space, and the racial violence of social media. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(3), 257–274.
- Nakayama, T. K. (2017). What’s next for whiteness and the internet. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266684
- NatCen. (2017, 29 September). New report uncovers extent of racial prejudice in Britain [Press release]. Retrieved 24 August 2018, from http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2017/september/new-report-uncovers-extent-of-racial-prejudice-in-britain/
- Newman, C. [cathynewman]. (2018, 18 February). Sad that @wmarybeard is being trolled off Twitter once again. The tenor of social media debate has to change - and [Tweet]. Retrieved 19 August 2018, from https://twitter.com/cathynewman/status/965245897763446784
- O’Loughlin, B., Vaccari, C., Ozgul, B. A., & Dennis, J. (2017). Twitter and global political crises. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 10(2-3), 175–203. https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01002006
- Olusoga, D. [DavidOlusoga]. (2018, 19 February). I'm horrified to see @wmarybeard is the focus of such horrible attacks on Twitter. The idea that my friend Mary [Tweet]. Retrieved 19 August, from https://twitter.com/DavidOlusoga/status/965845671084462080
- O’Neill, S. (2018, February 9). Oxfam in Haiti: ‘It was like a Caligula orgy with prostitutes in Oxfam T-shirts.’ The Times. Retrieved 1 September 2019, from https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/oxfam-in-haiti-it-was-like-a-caligula-orgy-with-prostitutes-in-oxfam-t-shirts-p32wlk0rp
- Pennock, C. [carolinepennock]. (2018, February 18). I think this thread is fair. I find the whole thing difficult, because I like & admire Mary, but I think [Tweet]. Retrieved 25 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/carolinepennock/statuses/965477144456556545
- Petray, T. L., & Collin, R. (2017). Your privilege is trending: Confronting whiteness on social media. Social Media + Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117706783
- Rajagopal, I., & Bojin, N. (2002). Digital representation: Racism on the world wide web. First Monday, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i10.995
- Ramaswamy, C. (2018). How the fallout from Mary Beard's Oxfam tweet shines a light on genteel racism. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/19/mary-beard-oxfam-tweet-genteelracism#:~:text=In20a20blogpost2C20English20lecturer,and20well2Dmeaning20observationsE280%9D
- Roese, V. (2018). 14. You won’t believe how co-dependent they are: Or: Media hype and the interaction of news media, social media, and the user. In P. Vasterman (Ed.), From media hype to Twitter storm: News explosions and their impact on issues, crises and public opinion (pp. 313–332). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048532100-017
- Romano, A. (2017, March 7). How get out deconstructs racism for white people, Vox. Retrieved 30 August, 2018, from https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/3/7/14759756/get-out-benevolent-racism-white-feminism
- Rzepnikowska, A. (2018). Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1451308
- Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 170–183). SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Shin, J., & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284
- Strimpel, Z. (2018, February 25). Twitter brings out the very worst in people – and Mary Beard is no exception, The Telegraph, Retrieved 10 August, 2018, from, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/twitter-brings-worst-people-mary-beard-no-exception/
- Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.com 2.0 Princeton. Princeton University Press.
- Valeriani, A., & Vaccari, C. (2016). Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. new Media & Society, 18(9), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223
- Vidal, A. [thetwerkinggirl]. (2018, February 18). Mary Beard isn’t being silenced. People called her out and there’s a huge difference. Lots of black women called her out. [Tweet]. Retrieved 21 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/thetwerkinggirl/status/965302958731812866?lang=en
- Weil, R. J. [racheljweil]. (2018, February 18). Sometimes white people like me just gotta shush up and listen. I learned something from reading this. “Response to Mary Beard” [Tweet]. Retrieved 25 August, 2018, from https://twitter.com/racheljweil/statuses/965328382761295877
- White Fragility. (n.d.). In: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 1 September, 2018, from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/white_fragility