The relationship between Zoom use with the camera on and Zoom fatigue: considering self-monitoring and social interaction anxiety

References

• Abdelfattah, H. M., Abdelazeim, F. H., & Elshennawy, S. (2015). Physical and cognitive consequences of fatigue: A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 6(3), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, J., Noushad, S., & Ahmed, S. (2015). To evaluate the relationship between social anxiety & life-satisfaction among adolescence in Karachi. Annals of Psychophysiology, 2(1), 12–15. https://doi.org/10.29052/2412-3188.v2.i1.2015.12-15
   Google Scholar
• Alden, L. E., Ryder, A. G., Mellings, T., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism in the context of social fears. In G. L. Flett (Ed.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 373–391). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Allas, T., Canal, M., & Hunt, V. (2020). COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: Assessing jobs at risk and the impact on people and places. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/covid-19-in-the-united-kingdom-assessing-jobs-at-risk-and-the-impact-on-people-and-places
   Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D.. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Pine Forge Press
   Google Scholar
• Amin, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. E. (1998). Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(10), 945–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00060-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amir, N., Elias, J., Klumpp, H., & Przeworski, A. (2003). Attentional bias to threat in social phobia: Facilitated processing of threat or difficulty disengaging attention from threat? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(11), 1325–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00039-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aue, T., & Okon-Singer, H. (2015). Expectancy biases in fear and anxiety and their link to biases in attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachleda, C., & Darhiri, L. (2018). Internet addiction and mental and physical fatigue. The International Technology Management Review, 7(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.2991/itmr.7.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of Zoom fatigue. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the self's executive function. Self and Identity, 1(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Morrison, K. (2012). The associations between fatigue and need for recovery with anxiety and depression. Psychology and Education, 49(1-2), 34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Callahan, M. (2020). ‘Zoom fatigue’ is real. Here’s why you’re feeling it, and what you can do about it. News @ Northeastern. https://news.northeastern.edu/2020/05/11/zoom-fatigue-is-real-heres-why-youre-feeling-it-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/
   Google Scholar
• Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T., Riley, S., & Mitchell, F. E. (2012). Comparing fear of positive evaluation to fear of negative evaluation in predicting anxiety from a social challenge. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(5), 782–793. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.022211
   Google Scholar
• de Jong, M. C., Knapen, T., & Van Ee, R. (2012). Opposite influence of perceptual memory on initial and prolonged perception of sensory ambiguity. PLoS ONE, 7(1), e30595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self awareness. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elster, J. (1989). Nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2015). Stress sensitivity and stress generation in social anxiety disorder: A temporal process approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(1), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauville, G., Luo, M., Queiroz, A. C., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. (2021a). Zoom exhaustion & fatigue scale. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100119
   Google Scholar
• Fauville, G., Luo, M., Queiroz, A. C., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. (2021b). Nonverbal mechanisms predict Zoom fatigue and explain why women experience higher levels than men. SSRN Electronic Journal, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3820035
   Google Scholar
• Fejfar, M. C., & Hoyle, R. H. (2000). Effect of private self-awareness on negative affect and self-referent attribution: A quantitative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0402_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, K. C., Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012). Profiling. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(6), 706–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611434967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, R. O., Glossner, K., & Maxner, S. (2014). Social anxiety disorder and Its relationship to perfectionism. In S. G. Hofmann, & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (2nd ed, pp. 119–145). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, S., Li, H., Liu, Y., Pirkkalainen, H., & Salo, M. (2020). Social media overload, exhaustion, and use discontinuance: Examining the effects of information overload, system feature overload, and social overload. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 102307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangestad, S. W., & Snyder, M. (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 126(4), 530–555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, B. (2020). All your friends are using Zoom, the video-chat app that is suddenly dominating competition from Google and Microsoft. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-video-everywhere-google-hangouts-skype-2020-3
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2016). Engaging with the wrong people: The basis of selective attention to negative faces in social anxiety. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(5), 793–804. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615616344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, S. B., Wessely, S., Kuh, D., & Hotopf, M. (2009). The relationship between fatigue and psychiatric disorders: Evidence for the concept of neurasthenia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66(5), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hass, R. G., & Eisenstadt, D. (1990). The effects of self-focused attention on perspective-taking and anxiety. Anxiety Research, 2(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/08917779008249334
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopstaken, J. F., Van der Linden, D., Bakker, A. B., & Kompier, M. A. (2015). The window of my eyes: Task disengagement and mental fatigue covary with pupil dynamics. Biological Psychology, 110, 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram, R. E., Cruet, D., Johnson, B. R., & Wisnicki, K. S. (1988). Self-focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 967–978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, M. (2020). The reason Zoom calls drain your energy. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, S., & Ngien, A. (2020). The effects of Instagram use, social comparison, and self-esteem on social anxiety: A survey study in Singapore. Social Media + Society, 6(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120912488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. R., & Creech, J. C. (1983). Ordinal measures in multiple indicator models: A simulation study of categorization error. American Sociological Review, 48(3), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. (2020). Negative effects of technology: Psychological, social, and health. Medical and health information. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/negative-effects-of-technology
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E.. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsley-Hughes, A. (2020). Why are we all zooming and not Skyping? ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/why-are-we-all-zooming-and-not-skyping/
   Google Scholar
• Klumbies, E., Braeuer, D., Hoyer, J., & Kirschbaum, C. (2014). The reaction to social stress in social phobia: Discordance between physiological and subjective parameters. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e105670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. (2020). A Neuropsychological exploration of Zoom fatigue. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychological-exploration-zoom-fatigue
   Google Scholar
• Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1349–1364. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansell, W., & Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(5), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00148-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Melendez, L. (2021). Zoom fatigue: Physicians recognize emerging health concern. https://www.wowt.com. https://www.wowt.com/2021/03/19/zoom-fatigue-an-emerging-health-concern-recognized-by-physicians/
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1986). Social theory and social structure. The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, D. C., & Moon, J. (2011). Abiotically-mediated direct and indirect effects. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 61. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/abiotically-mediated-direct-and-indirect-effects-17359885/
   Google Scholar
• Nadler, R. (2020). Understanding “Zoom fatigue”: theorizing spatial dynamics as third skins in computer-mediated communication. Computers and Composition, 58, 102613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2020.102613
   Google Scholar
• O'Cass, A. (2000). A psychometric evaluation of a revised version of the Lennox and Wolfe revised self-monitoring scale. Psychology and Marketing, 17(5), 397–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200005)17:5<397::AID-MAR3>3.0.CO;2-D
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Day, E. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021). Social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100070
   Google Scholar
• Oducado, R. M., Fajardo, M. T., Parreño-Lachica, G. M., Maniago, J. D., Villanueva, P. M., Dequilla, M. C., Montaño, H. C., & Robite, E. E. (2021). Is videoconference “zoom” fatigue real among nursing students? Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.1950987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patnaik, S., Malara, N., & Mukherjee, S. (2020). Zoom says it has 300 million daily meeting participants, not users. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-video-commn-encryption/zoom-says-it-has-300-million-daily-meeting-participants-not-users-idUSKBN22C1T4
   Google Scholar
• Peters, L., Sunderland, M., Andrews, G., Rapee, R. M., & Mattick, R. P. (2012). Development of a short form social interaction anxiety (SIAS) and social phobia scale (SPS) using nonparametric item response theory: The SIAS-6 and the SPS-6. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, B. F., Lindsey, A. L., & Dodd, M. J. (1987). Fatigue mechanisms in cancer patients: Developing nursing theory. Oncology Nursing Forum, 14(6), 17–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pourabdian, S., Lotfi, S., Yazdanirad, S., Golshiri, P., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of fatigue on the coping behavior of international truck drivers. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00440-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratnam, D. (2021). WFH, Zoom fatigue: The new normal at the workplace. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/work-from-home/wfh-zoom-fatigue-the-new-normal-at-the-workplace-101614559389767.html
   Google Scholar
• Ravindran, T., Yeow Kuan, A. C., & Hoe Lian, D. G. (2014). Antecedents and effects of social network fatigue. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(11), 2306–2320. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1033–1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, D. M., Seidler, A., Nübling, M., Latza, U., Brähler, E., Klein, E. M., Wiltink, J., Michal, M., Nickels, S., Wild, P. S., König, J., Claus, M., Letzel, S., & Beutel, M. E. (2017). Associations of fatigue to work-related stress, mental and physical health in an employed community sample. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1237-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rump, J., & Brandt, M. (2020). Zoom-Fatigue. Institut für Beschäftigung und Employability. https://www.ibe-ludwigshafen.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/IBE-Studie-Zoom-Fatigue.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shockley, K. M., Gabriel, A. S., Robertson, D., Rosen, C. C., Chawla, N., Ganster, M. L., & Ezerins, M. E. (2021). The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(8), 1137–1155. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Shoshan, H. N., & Wehrt, W. (2021). Understanding “zoom fatigue”: A mixed-method approach. Applied Psychology, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12360
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(4), 526–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, M., & Cantor, N. (1980). Thinking about ourselves and others: Self-monitoring and social knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(2), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford. (2021). Four causes for ‘Zoom fatigue’ and their solutions. Stanford News. https://news.stanford.edu/2021/02/23/four-causes-zoom-fatigue-solutions/
   Google Scholar
• Stein, D. J. (2015). Social anxiety disorder and the psychobiology of self-consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 489. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, M. B., Fuetsch, M., Müller, N., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. (2001). Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(3), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, R. L. (2003). Mediated consumer–provider communication in cancer care: The empowering potential of new technologies. Patient Education and Counseling, 50(1), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00089-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz, J., & Owens, J. C. (2021). Zoom earnings roared to nearly $1 billion in 2020, and the stock is rising again. MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/zoom-earnings-roared-to-nearly-1-billion-in-2020-and-the-stock-is-rising-again-11614633824
   Google Scholar
• Turk, V. (2020). Zoom took over the world. This is what will happen next. WIRED UK. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/future-of-zoom
   Google Scholar
• Vassend, O. (2018). Fatigue symptoms in relation to neuroticism, anxiety-depression, and musculoskeletal pain. A longitudinal twin study. PLoS One, 13(6), e0198594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilopoulos, S. P. (2012). Job burnout and its relation to social anxiety in teachers of primary education. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 18–44.
   Google Scholar
• Vercoulen, J. H., Swanink, C. M., Fennis, J. F., Galama, J. M., Van der Meer, J. W., & Bleijenberg, G. (1994). Dimensional assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(5), 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90099-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Xie, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., Ouyang, M., & Lei, L. (2018). Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, S. (2020). Zoom use skyrocketed 20-fold during UK lockdown. IT PRO. https://www.itpro.co.uk/software/video-conferencing/356203/zoom-usage-increased-nearly-20-fold-over-pandemic-says-ofcom
   Google Scholar
• White, T. (2021). Zoom fatigue: Symptoms, causes, coping tips. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/zoom-fatigue
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, R. J., Purcell, S., Sterne, A., Wessely, S., Hotopf, M., Farmer, A., & Sham, P. C. (2005). The relationship of fatigue to mental and physical health in a community sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0858-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, C. R. (2020). Virtual platforms are helpful tools but can add to our stress. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-desk-the-mental-health-lawyer/202005/virtual-platforms-are-helpful-tools-can-add-our-stress
   Google Scholar
• Ye, B., Zhou, X., Im, H., Liu, M., Wang, X. Q., & Yang, Q. (2020). Epidemic rumination and resilience on college students’ depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of fatigue. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.560983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A. (2018). How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zargarzadeh, M., & Shirazi, M. (2014). The effect of progressive muscle relaxation method on test anxiety in nursing students. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 19(6), 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221090002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zavotsky, K. E., & Chan, G. K. (2016). Exploring the relationship among moral distress, coping, and the practice environment in emergency department nurses. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 38(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/tme.0000000000000100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou, J., Yang, Y., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Pan, H., Ban, B., Qiao, Z., Wang, L., & Wang, W. (2018). Serial multiple mediation of organizational commitment and job burnout in the relationship between psychological capital and anxiety in Chinese female nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 83, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmmermann, Y. (2020). Videoconferencing and the Uncanny Encounter with Oneself: Self-Reflexivity as Self-Monitoring 2.0. Pandemic Media. https://pandemicmedia.meson.press/chapters/space-scale/video-conferencing-and-the-uncanny-encounter-with-oneself-self-reflexivity-as-self-monitoring-2-0/.
   Google Scholar