The gender digital gap: shifting the theoretical focus to systems analysis and feedback loops

References

• Aker, J. C., & Fafchamps, M. (2015). Mobile phone coverage and producer markets: Evidence from West Africa. The World Bank Economic Review, 29(2), 262–292. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhu006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfers, L., Bali, N., Bird, M., Castellanos, T., Chen, M., Dobson, R., Hughes, K., Roever, S., & Rogan, M. (2016). Technology at the bottom of the pyramid: Insights from Ahmedabad (India), Durban (South Africa) and Lima (Peru). Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO). https://www.wiego.org/publications/technology-base-pyramid-insights-ahmedabad-india-durban-south-africa-and-lima-peru.
   Google Scholar
• Alliance for Financial Inclusion. (2018). Fintech for Financial Inclusion: A framework for digital financial transformation. https://www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/publications/2018-09/AFI_FinTech_Special%20Report_AW_digital.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, S. (2017). Electronic transfers in humanitarian assistance and uptake of financial services: A synthesis of ELAN case studies. Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11424.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bailur, S., & Masiero, S. (2017). Women’s income generation through mobile internet: A study of focus group data from Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. Gender, Technology and Development, 21(1-2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2017.1385312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailur, S., Masiero, S., & Tacchi, J. (2018). Gender, mobile, and development: The theory and practice of empowerment. Information Technologies & International Development (Special Section), 14, 96–104. https://itidjournal.org/index.php/itid/article/view/1555/589.html
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2011). Poor economics: A radical rethinking of the way to fight Global poverty. Public Affairs. https://economics.mit.edu/faculty/eduflo/pooreconomics
   Google Scholar
• Barboni, G., Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Troyer Moore, C. (2018). A tough call: Understanding barriers to and impacts of women’s mobile phone adoption in India. Evidence for Policy Design, Harvard Kennedy School. https://wappp.hks.harvard.edu/files/wappp/files/a_tough_call_epod.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bornman, E. (2016). Information society and digital divide in South Africa: Results of longitudinal surveys. Information, Communication & Society, 19(2), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1065285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadband Commission. (2019). The state of Broadband 2019. Broadband as a foundation for sustainable development. International Telecommunication Union. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/S-POL-BROADBAND.20-2019-PDF-E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Buchmann, N., Field, E., Glennerster, R., Nazneen, S., Pimkina, S., & Sen, I. (2018). Power vs money: Alternative approaches to reducing child marriage in Bangladesh, a randomized control trial (Poverty Action Lab Working Paper). https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/research-paper/Power-vs-Money-Working-Paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bursztyn, L., González, A. L., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2018). Misperceived Social Norms: Female Labor Force Participation in Saudi Arabia. (NBER Working Paper No. 24736). https://www.nber.org/papers/w24736
   Google Scholar
• Churchman, C. (1967). Wicked problems. Management Science, 14(4), B-141–B-146. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.14.4.B141
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, C., Alik-Lagrange, A., Ngatia, M., & Vaillant, J. (2020, November). The Impacts of an Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Program: Experimental Evidence from a Couples Training program in Rwanda [Paper presentation]. NEUDC Virtual Conference 2020. https://sites.google.com/dartmouth.edu/neudc2020/schedule-papers/schedule-day-2?authuser=0#h.2hebu2vkzaza
   Google Scholar
• Dammert, A. C., Galdo, J., & Galdo, V. (2015). Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-market Intermediation: A Multi-treatment Experimental Design. (IZA Discussion Paper No. 9012). https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/9012/integrating-mobile-phone-technologies-into-labor-market-intermediation-a-multi-treatment-experimental-design
   Google Scholar
• Department for International Development. (2018). DFID Strategic Vision for Gender Equality. A Call to Action for Her Potential, Our Future. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/708116/Strategic-vision-gender-equality1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Donner, J. (2015). After access: Inclusion, development, and a more mobile internet. MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/after-access
   Google Scholar
• Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051–1079. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.4.1051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. (2019). How cities erode gender inequality: A New theory and evidence from Cambodia. Gender & Society, 33(6), 961–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219865510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Financial Inclusion Insights. (2017). Financial Inclusion Insights 2017 survey data. http://finclusion.org/reports/
   Google Scholar
• Financial Inclusion Insights. (2019). Financial Inclusion Insights Bangladesh Wave 6 Report. http://finclusion.org/uploads/file/reports/fii-bangladesh-wave-6-2018-report(2).pdf
   Google Scholar
• Forrester, J. W. (1958). Industrial dynamics-A major breakthrough for decision makers. Harvard Business Review, 36(4), 37–66. https://kupdf.net/download/industrial-dynamics-a-major-breakthrough-for-decision-makers_5902479bdc0d603940959ed5_pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester, J. W. (1993). System dynamics and the lessons of 35 years. In K. B. De Greene (Ed.), A systems-based approach to policymaking (pp. 199–240). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. (2019). The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2019. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GSMA-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Horne, C., & Mollborn, S. (2020). Norms: An integrated framework. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054658
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, A., Samman, E., Tapfuma, S., Mwaura, G., Omenya, R., Kim, K., Stevano, S., & Roumer, A. (2019). Women in the gig economy paid work, care and flexibility in Kenya and South Africa. Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/publications/11497-women-gig-economy-paid-work-care-and-flexibility-kenya-and-south-africa
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, F., & Amin, S. N. (2018). ‘I don’t care about their reactions’: Agency and ICTs in women’s empowerment in Afghanistan. Gender & Development, 26(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2018.1475924
   Google Scholar
• Hynes, W., Lees, M., & Müller, J. M. (2020). Systemic thinking for policy making: The potential of systems analysis for addressing global policy challenges in the 21st century, new approaches to economic challenges. OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/publications/systemic-thinking-for-policy-making-879c4f7a-en.htm
   Google Scholar
• Immervol, H., MacDonald, D., Rovenskaya, E., & Ilmola, L. (2020). Social protection in the face of digitalisation and labour market transformations. In W. Hynes, M. Lees, & J. Müller (Eds.), Systemic thinking for policy making: the potential of systems analysis for addressing global policy challenges in the 21st century (pp. 99–111). OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organisation. (2021). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. 7th edition. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/ilo-monitor-covid-19-and-world-work-seventh-edition-enardeiditjpnlptrutrvizh
   Google Scholar
• International Telecommunications Union. (2019). Measuring digital development. Facts and figures. https://itu.foleon.com/itu/measuring-digital-development/home/
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, R., & Miller, N. H. (2018). Market integration, demand, and the growth of firms: Evidence from a natural experiment in India. American Economic Review, 108(12), 3583–3625. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. (2010). Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice? The challenge of intersecting inequalities. Institute for Development Studies and UN MDG Achievement Fund. http://www.mdgfund.org/sites/default/files/MDGs_and_Inequalities_Final_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. (2005). ‘There’s no place like home’? domestic life, gendered space and online access. Proceedings of the international symposium on women and ICT, 12 June 2005, 12-es.
   Google Scholar
• Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale Systeme. Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt.
   Google Scholar
• Moolman, J., Primo, N., & Shackleton, S. J. (2007). Taking A byte of technology: Women and ICTs. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 21(71), 4–14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27739232?seq=1
   Google Scholar
• Mudliar, P. (2018). Public WiFi is for Men and Mobile Internet is for Women: Interrogating Politics of Space and Gender around WiFi Hotspots. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 01 November 2018, 2(CSCW), 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Muralidharan, K., & Prakash, N. (2017). Cycling to School: Increasing secondary school enrollment for girls in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(3), 321–350. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20160004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, A., & Sweetman, C. (2018). Introduction: Gender, development and ICTs. Gender & Development, 26(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2018.1489952
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2001). Understanding the digital divide. https://www.oecd.org/sti/1888451.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pathways for Prosperity Commission. (2018). Digital Lives: Meaningful Connection for the Next Three Billion. https://pathwayscommission.bsg.ox.ac.uk/digital-lives-report
   Google Scholar
• Pathways for Prosperity Commission. (2019a). The Digital Roadmap: How developing countries can get ahead. https://pathwayscommission.bsg.ox.ac.uk/digital-roadmap
   Google Scholar
• Pathways for Prosperity Commission. (2019b). Positive Disruption: Health and education in the digital age. https://pathwayscommission.bsg.ox.ac.uk/positive-disruption
   Google Scholar
• Paz Arauco, V., Gazdar, H., Hevia-Pacheco, P., Kabeer, N., Lenhardt, A., Masood, S. Q., … Mariotti, C. (2014). Strengthening social justice to address intersecting inequalities post-2015. Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/publications/8909-strengthening-social-justice-address-intersecting-inequalities
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, A. T. (2016). Digital inclusion and social inequality: Gender differences in ICT access and use in five developing countries. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(3), 306–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416660651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T., & Hernandez, K. (2019). Digital access Is Not binary: The 5 ‘A’s of technology access in the Philippines. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 85(4), 12084. https://doi.org/10.1002/isd2.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotondi, V., Kashyap, R., Pesando, L. M., Spinelli, S., & Billari, F. C. (2020). Leveraging mobile phones to attain sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(24), 13413–13420. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909326117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambuli, N., Brandusescu, A., & Brudvig, I. (2018). Advancing women's rights online. World Wide Web Foundation. http://webfoundation.org/docs/2018/08/Advancing-Womens-Rights-Online_Gaps-and-Opportunities-in-Policy-and-Research.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Soon-Shiong, N., Qhotsokoane, T., & Phillips, T. (2020). Using digital technologies to re-imagine cash transfers during the Covid-19 crisis. (Digital Pathways at Oxford Paper Series no. 2) https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/publications/using-digital-technologies-re-imagine-cash-transfers-during-covid-19-crisis
   Google Scholar
• Sternman, J. D. (2002). System dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. (MIT Engineering Systems Division Working Paper Series ESD-EP-2003-01.13-ESD Internal Symposium). http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102741
   Google Scholar
• Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, A., & Gomez, R. (2010). Gender and public access computing: An international perspective. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 43(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2010.tb00309.x
   Google Scholar
• Titus, D. (2018). Social media as a gateway for young feminists: Lessons from the #IWillGoOut campaign in India. Gender & Development, 26(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2018.1473224
   Google Scholar
• Tongia, R., Subrahmanian, E., & Arunachalam, V. S. (2005). Information and communications technology For sustainable development: Defining a global research agenda. Allied Publishers. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rtongia/ict4sd_book.htm
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations Population Fund. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., & Rojas, H. (2019). Taming the digital information tide to promote equality. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(11), 1134–1136. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0700-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2013). Inclusion Matters. The foundation for shared prosperity. Advance Edition. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/114561468154469371/Inclusion-matters-the-foundation-for-shared-prosperity
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Gender Gap Report 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality
   Google Scholar
• World Wide Web Foundation. (2015). Women’s Rights Online: Translating Access into Empowerment. https://webfoundation.org/research/womens-rights-online-2015/
   Google Scholar
• Zelezny-Green, R. (2014). She called, she googled, she knew: Girls’ secondary education, interrupted school attendance, and educational use of mobile phones in Nairobi. Gender & Development, 22(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2014.889338
   Google Scholar