Female gender stereotyping and President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s political communication on Twitter: a blessing for female political leaders?

References

• Agunbiade, T., & Akiode, O. (2017). Gender and political communication in Africa. In A. Olukotun, & S. A. Omotoso (Eds.), Political communication in Africa (pp. 159–169). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48631-4_10
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. A., Diabah, G., & Afrakoma hMensa, P. (2011). Powerful women in powerless language: Media misrepresentation of African women in politics (the case of Liberia). Journal of Pragmatics, 43(10), 2509–2518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2017). Applied qualitative research in psychology. Applied Qualitative Research in Psychology, 0887(2006). https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-35913-1
   Google Scholar
• Cardo, V. (2021). Gender politics online? Political women and social media at election time in the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand. European Journal of Communication, 36(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120968962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezelan, T., & Vobic, I. (2016). (R)evolutionizing political communication through social media (T. Dezelan (ed.)). Information Science Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elebute, A., & Ocheni, S. (2020). Ellen johnson-sirleaf political communication into Liberia presidency. In S. A. Omotoso (Ed.), Women’s political communication in Africa: Issues and perspectives (pp. 99–118). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42827-3
   Google Scholar
• Elishar-Malka, V., Ariel, Y., & Weimann, G. (2020). Rethinking political communication in the digital sphere. The Journal of International Communication, 26(2), 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2020.1771397
   Google Scholar
• Emecheta, B. (1988). Feminism with a small “f.”. Criticism and Ideology, 173–185.
   Google Scholar
• Eweka, O., Omotoso, S. A., & Olukotun, A. (2017). The African policom stew. In A. Olukotun & S. A. Omotoso (Eds.), Political communication in Africa (pp. 1–13). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48631-4_1
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Rovira, C., & Giraldo-Luque, S. (2021). How are women politicians treated in the press? The case of Spain, France and the United Kingdom. Journalism and Media, 2(4), 732–745. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040043
   Google Scholar
• Geiger, S. (1999). Specificities: Citizens and subjects engendering and gendering African nationalism: Rethinking the case of Tanganyika (Tanzania). Social Identities, 5(3), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504639951518
   Google Scholar
• Greer, M. J., & Greene, P. G. (2003). Feminist theory and the study of entrepreneurship. In J. E. Butler (Ed.), New perspectives on women entrepreneurs (pp. 1–24). Information Age Publishing Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2014). Psychological entitlement and ambivalent sexism: Understanding the role of entitlement in predicting two forms of sexism. Sex Roles, 70(5-6), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0360-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmer, E., & Southern, R. (2021). Digital microaggressions and everyday othering: an analysis of tweets sent to women members of Parliament in the UK. Information, Communication & Society, 24(14), 1998–2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1962941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson-Weems, C. (2001). Africana womanism: The flip side of a coin. Western Journal of Black Studies, 25(3), 137–145.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H. (1995). Beyond the double bind: women and leadership. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kassa, B. E., & Sarikakis, K. (2019). Social media trivialization of the increasing participation of women in politics in Ethiopia. Journal of African Media Studies, 11(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.11.1.21_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. M. (2005). Politicizing gender in discourse: Feminist critical discourse analysis as political perspective and praxis. In M. M. Lazar (Ed.), Feminist critical discourse analysis: Gender, power and ideology in discourse (pp. 1–28). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584248.ch9
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., & Kulich, C. (2015). Sexism. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (Vol. 21, pp. 693–699). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24089-0
   Google Scholar
• Macharia, S. (2020). Who makes the news? 6th Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP).
   Google Scholar
• Mateveke, P., & Chikafa-Chipiro, R. (2020). Misogyny, social media and electrol democracy in Zimbabwe’s 2018 elections. In M. N. Ndlela, & W. Mano (Eds.), Social media and elections in Africa, volume 2: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 9–29). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32682-1
   Google Scholar
• Mbiti, B. J. S. (1970). Christianity and traditional religions in Africa. International Review of Mission, 59(236), 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.1970.tb00979.x
   Google Scholar
• Morna, C. L., Tolmay, S., & Makaya, M. (2021). Women’s political participation-Africa Barometer 2021. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.21.
   Google Scholar
• Mutsvairo, B., & Karam, B. (2018). Key developments in political communication in Africa. In B. Mutsvairo, & B. Karam (Eds.), Perspectives on political communication in Africa (pp. 3–26). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62057-2
   Google Scholar
• Ncube, G., & Yemurai, G. (2020). Discrimination against female politicians on social media: An analysis of tweets in the Run-Up to the July 2018 harmonised elections in Zimbabwe. In M. N. Ndlela, & W. Mano (Eds.), Social media and elections in Africa, volume 2: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 59–76). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlela, M. N., & Mano, W. (2020). Social media, political cultures and elections in Africa. In M. N. Ndlela, & W. Mano (Eds.), Social media and elections in Africa, volume 2: Challenges and opportunities (issue February (pp. 1–7). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32682-1
   Google Scholar
• Nee, R. C., & De Maio, M. (2019). A ‘presidential look’? An analysis of gender framing in 2016 persuasive memes of Hillary Clinton. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 63(2), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2019.1620561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunyemi, C. O. (1985). Womanism : The dynamics of the contemporary black Female Novel in English. Signs, 11(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1086/494200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omotoso, S. A., & Faniyi, O. M. (2020). Women’s recipe for the African political stew. In S. A. Omotoso (Ed.), Women’s political communication in Africa: Issues and perspectives (pp. 1–8). Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Phiri, S. (2020). Political communication among female candidates and women electorates in Zambia. In S. A. Omotoso (Ed.), Women’s political communication in Africa: Issues and perspectives (pp. 77–97). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42827-3
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J. (2013). Creating a monster: Online media constructions of Hillary Clinton during the Democratic Primary Campaign, 2007–8. Feminist Media Studies, 13(1), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.647973
   Google Scholar
• Romaine, S. (1998). Communicating gender (1st ed.). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saluja, N., & Thilaka, N. (2021). Women leaders and digital communication: Gender stereotyping of female politicians on Twitter. Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 13, 227–241. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.12.20/19
   Google Scholar
• Tekere, M. C. N. E. H., & Gibbs, R. H. (2016). Theoretical models of leadership and feminist theory that are pertinent to women leadership. African Journal of Gender and Women Studies, 1(4), 28–36.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Pas, D. J., & Aaldering, L. (2020). Gender differences in political media coverage: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 70(1), 114–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voltmer. (2006). Mass media and political communication in New democracies. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. (2017). A gendered media analysis of the prime ministerial ascension of Gillard and Turnbull: he’s ‘taken back the reins’ and she’s ‘a backstabbing’ murderer. Australian Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 550–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1374347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar