Challenging the legacy of the past and present intimate colonialization – a study of Ugandan LGBT+ activism in times of shrinking communicative space

References

• Ali, M.-U. A. (2017). Un-mapping gay imperialism: A postcolonial approach to sexual orientation-based development. Reconsidering Development, 5(1).
   Google Scholar
• Amtzis, R. (2014). Crowdsourcing from the ground up: How a new generation of Nepali nonprofits uses social media to successfully promote its initiatives. Journal of Creative Communications, 9(2), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258614528609
   Google Scholar
• Aylward, E. (2020). The development of NGOs focused on LGBT issues. In The Oxford handbook of global LGBT and sexual diversity politics (pp. 103.
   Google Scholar
• Ayoub, P., & Paternotte, D. (2020). Europe and LGBT rights: A conflicted relationship. In M. Bosia, Sandra M. McEvoy, & M. Rahman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of global LGBT and sexual diversity politics (pp. 153- 168). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, L. (2013). The problem with freedom: Homosexuality and human rights in Uganda. Anthropological Quarterly, 86(3), 697–724. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2013.0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammaerts, B. (2015). Social media and activism. Journalism, 1027–1034.
   Google Scholar
• Ciszek, E. (2017). Activist strategic communication for social change: A transnational case study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender activism. Journal of Communication, 67(5), 702–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciszek, E. (2020). Diffusing a movement: An analysis of strategic communication in a transnational movement. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 14(5), 368–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2020.1835919
   Google Scholar
• Corrêa, S., Petchesky, R., & Parker, R. (2008). Sexuality, health and human rights. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Currier, A., & Moreau, J. (2016). Digital strategies and African LGBTI organizing. In Digital activism in the social media era (pp. 231–247). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Datareportal. (2023). Digital 2023: Uganda. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-uganda?rq=uganda (Accessed 31 Aug. 2023).
   Google Scholar
• DeLamater, J. D., & Hyde, J. S. (1998). Essentialism vs. social constructionism in the study of human sexuality. Journal of sex Research, 35(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos, P. (2015). Mind the gap: Imagining new ways of struggling towards the emancipation of sexual minorities in Africa. Agenda (durban, South Africa), 29(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1015240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne, K. Y., & Dulani, B. (2020). African attitudes toward same-sex relationships, 1982–2018. In Oxford research encyclopedia of politics.
   Google Scholar
• Edenborg, E. (2020). Visibility in global queer politics. In The Oxford handbook of global LGBT and sexual diversity politics (pp. 349.
   Google Scholar
• Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, C. (2021). Social media: A critical introduction. Social Media, 1–440.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Global Philanthropy Project. (2021). Global Resources Report 2019/2020- Government and Philanthropic Support for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex Communities. https://globalphilanthropyproject.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2018). Speaking and being heard: How nonprofit advocacy organizations gain attention on social media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017713724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoad, N. W. (2007). African intimacies: Race, homosexuality, and globalization. U of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2008). This alien legacy the origins of “Sodomy” laws in British colonialism. Printed in the United States of America.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2023). Ugandan parliament passes extreme anti-LGBT bill- President should reject bill, stop systemic oppression [Press release]. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/22/ugandan-parliament-passes-extreme-anti-lgbt-bill.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, J. (2021). Micro-platformization for digital activism on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 24(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1629612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaoma, K. (2013). The marriage of convenience: The US Christian Right, African Christianity, and postcolonial politics of sexual identity. Global Homophobia: States, Movements, and the Politics of Oppression, 75–102.
   Google Scholar
• Karlström, M. (1996). Imagining democracy: Political culture and democratisation in Buganda. Africa, 66(4), 485–505. https://doi.org/10.2307/1160933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapeer, C. M. (2018). Dangerous liaisons?: (Homo) developmentalism, sexual modernization and LGBTIQ rights in Europe. In Routledge handbook of queer development studies (pp. 102–118). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Langlois, A. J. (2020). Making LGBT rights into human rights. In M. J. Bosia, S. M. McEvoy, & M. Rahman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of global LGBT and sexual diversity politic. Oxford University Press Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Lind, A. (2010). Development, sexual rights and global governance. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Lusimbo, R., & Bryan, A. (2018). Kuchu resilience and resistance in Uganda: A history. Downloaded from the Humanities Digital Library, 323.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, C. L. (2018). Introduction to Routledge handbook of queer development studies. In Routledge handbook of queer development studies (pp. 1–16). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Paper presented at the Forum qualitative sozialforschung/forum: qualitative social research.
   Google Scholar
• Msibi, T. (2011). The lies we have been told: On (homo) sexuality in Africa. Africa Today, 58(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.58.1.55
   Google Scholar
• Mutsvairo, B. (2016). Digital activism in the social media era: Critical reflections on emerging trends in sub-saharan Africa. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Neiman, S. (2019, 21 Nov. 2019). Uganda’s escalating LGBT crackdown feels eerily familiar. World Politics Review. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/28364/uganda-s-escalating-lgbt-crackdown-feels-eerily-familiar.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, E. (2017). Media and LGBT advocacy: Visibility and transnationalism in a digital age. In The Routledge companion to media and human rights (pp. 309–317). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• NGO Bureau. (2022). Statement on halting the operations of Sexual Minorities Uganda. The National Bureau for Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO Bureau). https://ngobureau.go.ug/en/news-and-notices/statement-on-halting-the-operations-of-sexual-minorities-uganda (Accessed 31 Aug. 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, S. (2013). Dismantling reified African culture through localised homosexualities in Uganda. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 15, 952–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, S., & Karamagi, A. (2015). The social-political dynamics of the anti-homosexuality legislation in Uganda. Agenda (durban, South Africa), 29(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1024917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. (2013). Transnational sex politics, conservative Christianity, and antigay activism in Uganda. Studies in Social Justice, 7(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v7i1.1056
   Google Scholar
• Oluoch, A., & Tabengwa, M. (2017). LGBT visibility: A double-edged sword. State Sponsored Homophobia. Retrieved from Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, M. M. (2014). Kuchus in the balance: Queer lives under Uganda's anti-homosexuality bill. Northwestern University.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. (2014). Queer rights and the triangulation of Western exceptionalism. Journal of Human Rights, 13(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2014.919214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, G. (2020, 17th May 2020). A global report card on LGBTQ+ rights for IDAHOBIT. The Advoacte.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, S. T. (2019). Behind the screen. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, B. A. (2016). Heteronormativity and homonormativity. In The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1–3).
   Google Scholar
• Saltnes, J. D., & Thiel, M. (2021). The politicization of LGBTI human rights norms in the EU-Uganda development partnership. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 59(1), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxton, G. D., & Wang, L. (2014). The social network effect: The determinants of giving through social media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(5), 850–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013485159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, R. M., Coley, J. S., Thomas, C., & Ramirez, A. (2022). The cyber power of marginalized identities: Intersectional strategies of online LGBTQ+ Latinx activism. Feminist Media Studies, 22(2), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1786430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexual Minority Uganda. (2016). “And that’s how i survived being killed” Testimonies of human rights abuses from Uganda’s sexual and gender minorities. Retrieved from Kampala, Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• Slootmaeckers, K. (2020). Constructing European Union identity through LGBT equality promotion: Crises and shifting othering processes in the European Union enlargement. Political Studies Review, 18(3), 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929919877624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssebaggala, R. (2011). Straight talk on the gay question in Uganda. Transition, 106(1), B-44–B-57.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, M. (2012). Rethinking the gay and lesbian movement. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Strand, C. (2011). Kill bill! Ugandan human rights organizations’ attempts to influence the media's coverage of the anti-homosexuality bill. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(8), 917–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2011.589080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand, C. (2012). Homophobia as a barrier to comprehensive media coverage of the Ugandan anti-homosexual bill. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(4), 564–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.665679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand, C. (2018). Cross-media studies as a method to uncover patterns of silence and linguistic discrimination of sexual minorities in Ugandan print media. In Exploring silence and absence in discourse (pp. 125–157). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Summers, C. (1991). Intimate colonialism: The imperial production of reproduction in Uganda, 1907-1925. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16(4), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1086/494703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (1996). Social norms and social roles. Columbia Law Review, 96(4), 903. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szulc, L. (2020). Queer globalization and the media. In The international encyclopedia of gender, media, and communication (pp. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. (2007). Out of the closet: Unveiling sexuality discourses in Uganda. In Africa after gender (pp. 17–29.
   Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. (2009). A human rights impact assessment of the anti-homosexualy Bill. Public Dialogue 18 November 2009, at Makarere University in Uganda’s Anti-homosexuality Bill-the Great Divide. Retrieved from http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/61423.
   Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. (2013). Confronting the politics of nonconforming sexualities in Africa. African Studies Review, 56(2), 31–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoreson, R. R. (2014). Transnational LGBT activism: Working for sexual rights worldwide. U of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Treem, J. W., & Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 143–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2013.11679130
   Google Scholar
• Trillò, T. (2018). Can the subaltern tweet? Reflections on Twitter as a space of appearance and inequality in accessing visibility. Studies on Home and Community Science, 11(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2017.1420404
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman, G. (2000). The symbolic annihilation of women by the mass media: Originally published as the introduction to hearth and home: Images of women in the mass media, 1978. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, K. (2015). The role of the Anglican and Catholic Churches in Uganda in public discourse on homosexuality and ethics. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(1), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.987509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. L., & Bosia, M. J. (2013). Global homophobia: States, movements, and the politics of oppression. University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, D. W. (2020). From conditionality to convergence: Tracing the discursive shift in homo-developmentalism. Australian Feminist Law Journal, 46(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13200968.2020.1821459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar