References

• Abrahamsen , P. 1998 . Efter velfærdsstaten: ret og plikt til aktivering’ [‘After the welfare state: right and duty to activation’] . Nordisk Sosialt Arbeid , : 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Angelin , A. 2009 Den dubbla vanmaktens logik. En studie om långvarig arbetslöshet och socialbidrag bland unga vuxna [The Double Logic of Powerlessness. A Study of Long Term Unemployment and Social Assistance Among Young People] , PhD Thesis, School of Social Work, Lund University .
   Google Scholar
• Bergmark , Å. & Bäckman , O. 2008 Socialbidragstagandets monster—en studie av varaktighet och utträden under 2000-talet [The Pattern of Social Assistance—A Study of Duration and Exits during the Twenty-first Century] , Working Paper Series 2008:9, Institute for Futures Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Bergmark , Å. and Lundström , T. 1998 . Metoder i socialt arbete. Om insatser och arbetssätt i socialtjänstens individ- och familjeomsorg’ [‘Method in social work. On interventions and working methods in the social services’] . Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift , 5 : 291 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Daguerre , A. 2004 . Importing workfare: policy transfer of social and labour market policies from USA to Britain under New Labour . Social Policy & Administration , 38 ( 1 ) : 41 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , E. 2003 . Does “workfare” work? The Norwegian experience . International Journal of Social Welfare , 12 : 274 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke , A. , Heinrich , C. J. , Mueser , P. R. , Troske , K. R. and Joen , K-S. 2006 . The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes . Journal of Labour Economics , 24 ( 3 ) : 567 – 607 .
   Google Scholar
• Eardly , T. Bradshaw , J. Ditch , J. Gough , I. & Whiteford , P. 1996 Social Assistance Schemes in OECD Countries: Volume 1, Synthesis Report , DSS Research Report 46 , HMSO , London .
   Google Scholar
• Geldof , D. 1999 New activation policies: promises and risks , in Linking Welfare and Work , M. Heikkilä European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions , Dublin 13 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Giertz , A. 2004 Making the Poor Work. Social Assistance and Activation Programmes in Sweden , PhD Thesis, Lunds Universitet .
   Google Scholar
• Giertz , A. 2007 Aktivering av socialbidragstagare—internationella erfarenheter—insatsers utformning och effect [Activation of social assistance claimants—international findings—the design and effects of interventions] , Från socialbidrag till arbete , SOU 2007:2 , Fritzes , Stockholm .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , D. , Ashworth , K. , Cebulla , A. and Walker , R. 2004 . Do welfare-to-work programmes work for long?’ . Fiscal Studies , 25 ( 1 ) : 27 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorssen , R. and Jensen , P. 2004 . Activation in Scandinavian welfare policy. Denmark and Norway in a comparative perspective . European Societies , 6 ( 4 ) : 461 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Handler , J. F. 2003 . Social citizenship and workfare in the US and Western Europe: from status to contract’ . The Journal of European Social Policy , 13 ( 3 ) : 229 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanesh , W. 1999 The debate on reforms of social assistance in Western Europe , in Linking Welfare and Work , M. Heikkilä , European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions , Dublin 71 77
   Google Scholar
• Hasluck , C. & Green , A. E. 2007 What Works for Whom? A Review of Evidence and Meta-Analysis for the Department for Work and Pensions , Research Report No 407, Department for Work and Pensions .
   Google Scholar
• Hedblom , A. 2004 Aktiveringspolitikens janusansikte. En studie av differentiering, inklusion och marginalisering [The Janus Face of Activation Policies. A Study of Differentiation, Inclusion and Marginalisation] , PhD Thesis, School of Social Work, Lund University .
   Google Scholar
• Heikkilä , M. 1999 A brief introduction to the topic , in Linking Welfare and Work , M. Heikkilä European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions , Dublin , pp. 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Heikkilä , M. & Keskitalo , E. 2001 Social Assistance in Europe. A Comparative Study on Minimum Income in Seven European Countries , Stakes—National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health , Helsinki .
   Google Scholar
• Hotz , J. V. , Imbens , G. W. and Klerman , J. A. 2006 . Evaluating the differential effects of alternative welfare-to-work training components: reanalysing of the California GAIN program . Journal of Labour Economics , 24 ( 3 ) : 521 – 566 .
   Google Scholar
• Hvinden , B. 1999 Activation: a Nordic perspective , in Linking Welfare and Work , M. Heikkilä , European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions , Dublin , pp. 27 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Hvinden , B. Heikkilä , M. & Kankare , I. 2001 Towards activation? The changing relationship between social protection and employment in Western Europe , in Nordic Welfare States in the European Context , M. Kautto , J. Fritzell , B. Hvinden , J. Kvist & H. Uusitalo , Routledge , London 137 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , H. 2001a I det sociala medborgarskapets skugga. Rätten till socialbidrag under 1980- och 1990—talen [In the Shadow of Social Citizenship. Eligibility to Social Assistance during the 1980s and 1990s] , PhD Thesis, School of Social Work, Lund University .
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , H. 2001b . Activation policies in the Nordic countries: social democratic universalism under pressure . Journal of European Area Studies , 9 ( 1 ) : 63 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky , M. 1980 Street-Level Bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service , Russell Sage Foundation , New York
   Google Scholar
• Lødemel , I. 1997 . The Welfare Paradox. Income Maintenance and Personal Social Services in Norway and Britain 1946–1966 , Oslo : Scandinavian University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lødemel , I. , Johannessen , A. , Buschmann , E. , Nilsen , K. L. and Velvin , G. 2004 . Nytter det? Erfaringer fra Tiltaksforsøket 2000–2004 [Does it Work? Experience from Activation] , Oslo : Oslo University College .
   Google Scholar
• Lødemel , I. & Trickey , H. 2001 An Offer You Can't Refuse. Workfare in an International Perspective , The Policy Press Southampton
   Google Scholar
• Midré , G. 1990 . Bøt, bedring eller brød? Om bedømming og behandling av sosial nød fra reformasionen til folketrygden [Cure, Recovery or Bread. On Assessments and Treatment of Social Need from Reformation to Welfare] , Oslo : Universitetsforlaget .
   Google Scholar
• Milton , P. and Bergström , R. 1998 . Uppsalamodellen och socialbidragstagarna. En effektutvärdering [The Uppsala Model and Social Assistance Claimants] , Stockholm : Cusskrift 1998:1, National Board of Health and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Minas , R. 2005 . Administrating Poverty—Studies of Intake Organization and Social Assistance in Sweden , PhD Thesis, Department of Social Work, Stockholm University .
   Google Scholar
• Nybom , J. 2005 . Förutsättningar för socialbidragsarbete—en jämförelse av fyra kommuner [Conditions for Social Work with Social Assistance Claimants—A Comparison of Four Municipalities] , Stockholm : National Board of Health and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Oochel , W. 2005 . Welfare-to-work experiences with specific work-first programmes in selected countries . International Social Security Review , 58 ( 4 ) : 67 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Peck , J. and Theodore , N. 2000 . Beyond “employability” . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 24 ( 6 ) : 729 – 749 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proposition 1996/97:124 , Ändring i Socialtjänstlagen [Change in the Social Service Act] .
   Google Scholar
• Riccio , J. & Hasenfeld , Y. 1996 Enforcing a participation mandate in a welfare-to-work program , Social Service Review , Dec ., pp. 516 – 542 .
   Google Scholar
• Salonen , T. 1999 Den främre parentesen och socialbidraget’ [‘The front bracket and social assistance’] , in Meddelanden från Socialhögskolan , School of Social Work, Lund University , p. 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Salonen , T. and Ulmestig , R. 2004 . Nedersta trappsteget. En studie om kommunal aktivering [At the Bottom of the Stairs. A Study of Local Activation] , The School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Växjö University .
   Google Scholar
• Smedslund , G. Hagen , K.B. Asbjørn , S. Torill , J. Dalsbø , T. K. & Rud , M. G. 2006 Work Programmes for Welfare Recipients , Campbell Systematic Reviews 2006:9, [online] Available at: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen 1999 Långvarigt socialbidragstagande under 1990-talet [Long-Term Social Assistance Recipiency in the 90s] , Rapport 1999:5 , National Board of Health and Welfare , Stockholm
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen 2006 Social rapport 2006 [Social Report 2006] , National Board of Health and Welfare , Stockholm .
   Google Scholar
• Stranz , H. 2007 . Utrymme för variation [Room for Variation] , PhD Thesis, Department of Social Work, Stockholm University .
   Google Scholar
• Svedberg , E. 2003 . Albymetoden. En analys av en diskussion om det sociala arbetets inriktning [The Alby Model. Analysis of a Discussion about the Direction in Social Work] , Master Thesis, Ersta Sköndal University College .
   Google Scholar
• Thorén , K. 2005 Kommunal aktiveringspolitik: en fallstudie av det praktiska arbetet med arbetslösa socialbidragstagare [Municipal Activation Policy: A Case Study of the Practical Work with Unemployed Social Assistance Claimants] , IFAU Rapport 2005:11 , The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) , Uppsala .
   Google Scholar
• Ulmestig , R. 2006 . Pågränsen till fattigvård? En studie om arbetsmarknadspolitik och socialbidrag [On the Border to Poor Relief? A Study on Labour Market Policies and Social Assistance] , PhD Thesis, School of Social Work, Lund University .
   Google Scholar
• Ulmestig , R. 2009 I arbetslinjens skugga—en studie av relationer och strukturer i ett kommunalt arbetsmarknadsprojekt [In the Shadow of the Work Line—A Study of Relations and Structures in Local Level Activation] , Rapportserie i socialt arbete No 002 , The School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Växjö University .
   Google Scholar
• van Berkel , R. 2006 . The decentralisation of social assistance in the Netherlands . International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy , 26 ( 1/2 ) : 20 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• van Berkel , R. & Horneman Møller , I. 2002 Active Social Policies in the EU. Inclusion through Participation? , The Policy Press , Glasgow .
   Google Scholar
• van der Berg , G. J. , van der Klaauw , B. and van Ours , J. C. 2004 . Punitive sanctions and the transition rate from welfare to work . Journal of Labour Economics , 22 ( 1 ) : 211 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• van der Berg , G. & Vikström , J. 2009 Monitoring Job Offer Decisions, Punishment, Exit to Work and Job Quality , Working Paper 2009:18 , Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation , Uppsala .
   Google Scholar