References

• Adams, C. (2011). Re-trafficked victims: How a human rights approach can stop the cycle of revictimization of sex trafficking victims. George Washington Law Review, 43, 201–234.
   Google Scholar
• Alempijevic, D., Jecmenica, D., Pavlekic, S., Savic, S., & Aleksandric, B. (2007). Forensic medical examination of victims of trafficking in human beings. Torture, 17(2), 117–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allais, C. (2013). The profile less considered: The trafficking of men in South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, 44(1), 40–54. doi: 10.1080/21528586.2013.784447
   Google Scholar
• Aransiola, J., & Zarowsky, C. (2014). Human trafficking and human rights violations in South Africa: Stakeholders perceptions and the critical role of legislation. African Human Rights Law Journal, 14, 509–525.
   Google Scholar
• Aronowitz, A. A. (2002). The United Nations global programme against trafficking in human beings: Research and lessons learnt. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 26(2), 257–275. doi: 10.1080/01924036.2002.9678691
   Google Scholar
• Aronowitz, A., Theuerman, G., & Tyurykanova, E. (2010). Analyzing the business model of trafficking in human beings to better prevent the crime. Vienna: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings/UN.GIFT.
   Google Scholar
• Asquith, S., & Turner, E. (2008). Recovery and reintegration of children from the effects of sexual exploitation and related trafficking. Geneva: Oak Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Banovic, B., & Bjelajac, Z. (2012). Traumatic experiences, psychophysical consequences and needs of human trafficking victims. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 69(1), 94–97. Retrieved November 04, 2012, from http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0042-8450/2012/0042-84501201094B.pdf doi: 10.2298/VSP1201094B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrer, C., & Stachowick, J. (2003). Health consequences of trafficking women and girls in Southeast Asia. Brown Journal of World Affairs, x(1), 105–117. Retrieved November 10, 2012, from http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive/10.1/SexTrafficking/Beyrer.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bjerkan, L., & Dyrlid, L. (2006). The silenced experience: Reintegration of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. Oslo: Fafo Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bokhari, F. (2008). Falling through the gaps: Safeguarding children trafficked into the UK. Children & Society, 22(3), 201–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00151.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, R. (2009). My heart is here: Alternative care and reintegration of child trafficking victims and other vulnerable children. Phnom Penh: IOM.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brunovskis, A., & Surtees, R. (2008). Agency or illness – the conceptualization of trafficking, victims choices and behaviours in the assistance system. Gender Technology & Development, 12(1), 53–76. doi: 10.1177/097185240701200105
   Google Scholar
• Brunovskis, A., & Surtees, R. (2012a). No place like home? Challenges in family integration after trafficking. The Fafo/NEXUS Institute Project: Improving services to trafficked persons. Oslo: Fafo/NEXUS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Brunovskis, A., & Surtees, R. (2012b). A fuller picture: Addressing trafficking-related assistance needs and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The Fafo/NEXUS Institute Project: Improving services to trafficked persons. Oslo: Fafo/NEXUS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Brunovskis, A., & Surtees, R. (2012c). Leaving the past behind? When victims of trafficking decline assistance. Summary Report. The Fafo/NEXUS Institute Project: Improving services to trafficked persons. Oslo: Fafo/NEXUS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bump, N. M., & Duncan, J. (2003). Conference on identifying and serving child victims of trafficking. International Migration, 41(5), 201–218. doi: 10.1111/j.0020-7985.2003.00266.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch-Armendariz, B. N., & Nsonwu, B. M. (2009). Survivors speak out about long-term needs. Austin, TX: Institute of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault.
   Google Scholar
• Buthelezi, S. (2015). Human trafficking and the new legal framework in South Africa: Interventions needed for the law to reach vulnerable girls and women. Agenda, 29(3), 155–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2009). Strategic threat assessment: Child trafficking in the UK. London. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from www.ceop.gov.uk
   Google Scholar
• Choo, K., Jang, O. J., & Choi, K. (2010). Methodological and ethical challenges to conducting human trafficking studies: A case study of Korean trafficking and smuggling for sexual exploitation to the United States. Women and Criminal Justice, 20(1–2), 167–185. doi: 10.1080/08974451003641461
   Google Scholar
• Christie, A. (2003). Unsettling the social work: Responses to asylum seeking children in Ireland. Child & Family Social Work, 8, 223–231. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2206.2003.00287.x
   Google Scholar
• Clawson, H. J., Dutch, M. N., Solomon, A., & Grace, L. G. (2009). Study of HHS programs serving human trafficking victims. Final report. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Retrieved November 10, 2012, from http://aspc.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/final/index.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Crane, P. A., & Moreno, M. (2011). Human trafficking: What is the role of the health care providers? Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 2(1), Article 7. Retrieved November 10, 2012, from http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/1001/7
   Google Scholar
• Craggs, S., & Martens, R. (2010). Rights, residence, rehabilitation: Findings of a comparative study assessing residence options for trafficked persons. Geneva: IOM.
   Google Scholar
• Davy, D. (2012). Transnational advocacy networks in campaigning: The campaign against child sex trafficking in the Mekong Sub-region (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Sydney, Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• De Bode, L. (2015). EU refugee crisis heightens sex trafficking concerns, officials warn. Retrieved December 24, 2015, from http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/20/eu-refugee-crisis-boosts-sex-trafficking.html
   Google Scholar
• Dottridge, M. (2006). Action to prevent child trafficking in South Eastern Europe: A preliminary assessment. Terres des hommes & UNICEF Regional Office for CEE/CIS. Retrieved December 24, 2015, from www.unicef.org/ceecis/Assessment_report_June_06.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dovyolaitis, T. (2010). Human trafficking: The role of the health care provider. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 55(5), 462–467. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emser, M. (2013). The politics of human trafficking in South Africa: A case study of the KwaZulu-Natal inter-sectoral task team and South African counter trafficking governance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
   Google Scholar
• Emser, M. (2015). Opinion: Ways South Africa can combat human trafficking. Retrieved December 21, 2016, from http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/07/29/OPINION-Ways-South-Africa-can-combat-trafficking.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Emser, M., & Francis, S. (2014). Human trafficking in South Africa: Political conundrums and consequences. In L. Asuelime & S. Francis (Eds.), Selected themes in African political studies, advances in African economic, social and political development (pp. 49–67). Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. (2014). Mid-term report on the implementation of the EU strategy towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings. Retrieved December 24, 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/commission_staff_working_document_-_mid-term_report_on_the_implementation_of_the_eu_strategy_towards_the_eradication_of_trafficking_in_human_beings.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Everitt, D. (2013). Locked in transit: Girls inside the gates of child sex trafficking in South Africa (Unpublished MA thesis). University of South Africa, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Feneyrol, O., Fichtl, R., Philippe, P. E., & Tournecuillert, V. (2006). Thematic policy. Terres des Hommes. Retrieved October 14, 2010, from www.tdh.childprotection.org/documents/child-trafficking-thematic-policy
   Google Scholar
• Fouche, C. B., & Schurink, W. (2011). Qualitative research designs. In A. S. De Vos, H. Strydom, C. B. Fouche, & C. S. L. Delport (Eds.), Research at grassroot: For the social service professions (4th ed., pp. 307–327). Cape Town: Van Schaik.
   Google Scholar
• Gallinetti, J. (2008). Child trafficking in SADC countries: The need for a regional response. Harare: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Gjermeni, E., Van Hook, M. P., Gjipali, S., Xhilari, L., Lungu, F., & Hazizi, A. (2008). Trafficking children in Albania: Patterns of recruitment and reintegration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(10), 941–948. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goliath, P. (2016). Protecting victims of trafficking – is South Africa doing enough? Retrieved December 21, 2016, from http://www.derebus.org.za/protecting-victims-human-trafficking-south-africa-enough/
   Google Scholar
• Helm, D. (2011). Judgements or assumptions? The role of analysis on assessing children and young people’s needs. British Journal of Social Work, 41(5), 894–911. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcr096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hounmenou, C. (2012). Human services professional’s awareness of human trafficking. Journal of Policy Practice, 11(3), 192–206. doi: 10.1080/15588742.2012.655208
   Google Scholar
• Howard, N. (2012). Protecting children from trafficking in Benin: In need of politics and participation. Development in Practice, 22(4), 460–472. doi: 10.1080/09614524.2012.673557
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. D. (2014, October–December). Trafficking in human beings in the European Union: Gender, sexual exploitation, and digital communication technologies. Sage Open, 4(4). doi:10.1177/2158244014553585
   Google Scholar
• Hynes, P. (2010). Global points of ‘vulnerability’: Understanding processes of the trafficking of children and young people into, within and out of the UK. The International Journal of Human Rights, 14(6), 952–970. doi: 10.1080/13642987.2010.512140
   Google Scholar
• Ingemann-Hansen, O., & Charles, A. V. (2013). Forensic medical examinations of adolescents and adult victims of sexual violence. Best Practice Res Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 27(1), 91–102. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliner, M., & Stroud, L. (2012). Psychological and health impact of working with victims of sex trafficking. Journal of Occupational Health, 54, 9–15. doi: 10.1539/joh.11-0125-OA
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotrla, K. (2010). Domestic minor sex trafficking in the US. Social Work, 50(2), 181–187. doi: 10.1093/sw/55.2.181
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. L. (2011). The trafficking of children in the Asia-Pacific. Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, No. 415. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
   Google Scholar
• Larzelere, E. R., & Kuhn, R. B. (2004). The intervention selection bias: An under-recognized confound in intervention research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 289–303. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nwogu, V. (2014). Anti-trafficking interventions in Nigeria and the principal-agent aid model. Anti-Trafficking Review, 3, 41–63. doi: 10.14197/atr.20121433
   Google Scholar
• Palmary, I., & de Gruchy, T. (2016). Changing policy: Lessons from the Trafficking in Persons Act (2013) in South Africa (Working Paper 39). Research programme Consortium Migrating out of Poverty. Brighton: University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, N. (2010). Essential role of social work in addressing victims and survivors of trafficking. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 17(1), 43–56.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. J. (2009). Young people and sexual exploitation: It’s not hidden, you just aren’t looking. Cornwall: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. J. (2011). Working with trafficked children and young people: Complexities in practice. British Journal of Social Work, 41(8), 1424–1441. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcr029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potocky, M. (2010). Effectiveness of services for victims of international human trafficking: An exploratory evaluation. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 8(4), 359–335. doi: 10.1080/15562948.2010.522462
   Google Scholar
• Rafferty, Y. (2008). The impact of trafficking on children: Psychological and social policy perspectives. Child Developmental Perspectives, 2(1), 13–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00035.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, P., & Whyte, B. (2013). Children’s narratives within a multi-centred, dynamic ecological framework of assessment and planning for child trafficking. British Journal of Social Work, 43(5), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Sambo, J. P., & Spies, G. (2012). The role of the social worker in the prevention of child trafficking in South Africa. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 48(2), 113–131.
   Google Scholar
• Scarpa, S. (2006). Child trafficking: International instruments to protect the most vulnerable victims. Family Court. Review, 44(3), 429–447. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1617.2006.00098.x
   Google Scholar
• Schooten, M., Geldof, D., & Withaeckx, S. (2016). Transmigration and urban social work: Towards a research agenda. European Journal of Social Work, 19(1), 18–30. doi:10.1080/13691457.2014.1001725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelke, R. (2013). Trafficking in persons in Latin America and the Caribbean. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved October 21, 2013, from www.crs.gov
   Google Scholar
• Shuker, L. (2011). Safe accommodation for sexually exploited and trafficked young people: Briefing paper. Bedford: University of Bedfordshire, The International Centre for the Study of Sexual Exploited and Trafficked Young People.
   Google Scholar
• Sigmon, N. J. (2008). Combating modern-day slavery: Issues in identifying and assisting victims of human trafficking worldwide. Victims & Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-Based Research, Policy, and Practice, 3(2–3), 245–257. doi: 10.1080/15564880801938508
   Google Scholar
• Surtees, R. (2007). Listening to victims: Experiences of identification, return and assistance in South-Eastern Europe. Vienna: ICMPD.
   Google Scholar
• Surtees, R. (2008). Why shelters? Considering residential approaches to trafficking assistance. Vienna: NEXUS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Swart, D. N. (2012). Human trafficking and the exploitation of women and children in a southern and South African context. Child Abuse Research: A South African Journal, 13(1), 62–73.
   Google Scholar
• Tribe, R., & Morrissey, J. (2003). The refugee context and the role of interpreters. In R. Tribe & H. Raval (Eds.), Working with interpreters in mental health (pp. 198–218). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2006). Guidelines on the protection of child victims of trafficking. New York, NY: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2011). Child trafficking in the Nordic countries: Re-thinking strategies and national responses.  Florence: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2000). Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the UN convention against transnational organized crime (trafficking/ Palermo protocol). Retrieved November 10, 2012, from http://www.osce.org/odihr/19223?download=true
   Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2013). Human trafficking: People for sale. Retrieved October 15, 2013, from www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/human-trafficking.html
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2013). Trafficking-in-persons report. Retrieved 24, 2017, from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/
   Google Scholar
• Warria, A. (2014). Development of psychosocial intervention guidelines for transnational trafficked children (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg.
   Google Scholar
• Wessels, M., & Edgerton, A. (2008). What is child protection: Concepts and practices to support war-affected children. The Journal of Developmental Processes, 3(2), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Wijers, M., & De Boer, M. (2010). One time is enough: An explorative study into secondary victimization of victims as witnesses in the criminal process. The Hague: Scientific Research and Documentation Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC).
   Google Scholar
• Yakushko, O. (2009). Human trafficking: A review for mental health professionals. Educational Psychology Papers and Publications. Paper 91. Retrieved October 21, 2013, from http://digitalcommons.unl.ed/edpsychpapers/91
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, C. (2003). The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and children: Findings from a European study. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, C., & Borland, R. (Eds.). (2009). Caring for trafficked persons: Guidance for health providers. Geneva: IOM/UN.GIFT/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
   Google Scholar