References

• Boockman, B., Thomsen, S. L., & Walter, T. (2014). Intensifying the use of benefits sanctions: An effective tool to increase employment? IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 3, 21. doi: 10.1186/2193-9004-3-21
   Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. (2013). Street-level organizations and the welfare state. In E. Z. Brodkin & G. Marston (Eds.), Work and the welfare state. Street-level organizations and workfare politics (pp. 17–34). Copenhagen: DJØF Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Caswell, D., & Høybye-Mortensen, M. (2015). Responses from the frontline: How organisations and street-level bureaucrats deal with economic sanctions. European Journal of Social Security, 17(1), 31–51. doi: 10.1177/138826271501700102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caswell, D., Larsen, F., van Berkel, R., & Kupka, P. (2017). Conclusions and topics for future research. In R. van Berkel, D. Caswell, P. Kupka, & F. Larsen (Eds.), Frontline delivery of welfare-to-work in Europe. Activating the unemployed (pp. 181–200). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2008). Grounded theory. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology. A practical guide to research methods (pp. 81–110). London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Clasen, J., & Clegg, D. (2007). Levels and levers of conditionality: Measuring change within welfare states. In J. Clasen & N. A. Siegel (Eds.), Investigating welfare state change: The «dependent variable problem» in comparative analysis (pp. 166–197). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• De Wilde, M. (2017). Deservingness in social assistance administrative practice: A factorial survey approach. In W. van Oorschot, F. Roosma, B. Meuleman, & T. Reeskens (Eds.), The social legitimacy of targeted welfare: Attitudes to welfare deservingness (pp. 225–240). Oxfordshire: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Dorsett, R. (2008). Pathways to work for new and repeat incapacity benefits claimants: Evaluation synthesis report (Report No. 525). Norwich: Department for work and pensions, Her Majesty’s Stationery office.
   Google Scholar
• Eleveld, A. (2016). Work-related sanctions in European welfare states: An incentive to work or a violation of minimum subsistence rights? (Research Paper No. 2016/01). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2802656.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, A., & Molander, A. (2018). Welfare reform and public justification. Policy Studies. doi: 10.1080/01442872.2018.1538487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineman, N. (1991). The social construction of noncompliance: A study of health care and social service providers in everyday practice. Sociology of Health and Illness, 13(3), 354–374. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep10492252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frøyland, K. (2018). Vital tasks and roles of frontline workers facilitating job inclusion of vulnerable youth. European Journal of Social Work. doi: 10.1080/13691457.2018.1423547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjersøe, H. M., Leseth, A., Vilhena, S. (2019). Frontline implementation of welfare conditionality in Norway: A maternalistic practice. Social Policy and Administration. doi: 10.1111/spol.12567
   Google Scholar
• Grødem, A. S., & Vilhena, S. (2019). Samhandling i frontlinjen på NAV-Kontoret [Frontline interaction at the NAV office]. In A-H. Bay, A. Hatland, T. Hellevik & L. I. Terum (Eds.), Trygd i aktiveringens tid [Social security in the age of activation] (pp. 294–310). Oslo: Gyldendal.
   Google Scholar
• Hasenfeld, Y. (1999). Social services and welfare-to-work. Administration in Social Work, 23(3–4), 185–199. doi: 10.1300/J147v23n03_11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman, K., & Hohenleitner, I. (2012). Impact of benefit sanctions on unemployment outflow – evidence from German survey data (Paper No. 129). Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Jilke, S., & Tummers, L. (2018). Which clients are deserving of help? A theoretical model and experimental test. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(2), 226–238. doi: 10.1093/jopart/muy002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lens, V. (2006). Examining the administration of work sanctions on the frontlines of the welfare system. Social Science Quarterly, 87(3), 573–590. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00397.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lens, V. (2009). Implementing full and partial work sanctions. The case of Texas. The American Review of Public Administration, 39(3), 286–303. doi: 10.1177/0275074008319623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-level bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lødemel, I., & Trickey, H. (2001). ‘An offer you can’t refuse’. Workfare in international perspective. Bristol: The Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Malmberg-Heimonen, I., & Vuori, J. (2005). Activation or discouragement – the effect of enforced participation on the success of job-search training. European Journal of Social Work, 8(4), 451–467. doi: 10.1080/13691450500314178
   Google Scholar
• Maynard-Moody, S., & Musheno, M. (2003). Cops, teachers, counsellors. Stories from the front lines of public service. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Molander, A. (2016). Discretion in the welfare state. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Molander, A., & Grimen, H. (2010). Understanding professional discretion. In L. Svensson & J. Evetts (Eds.), Sociology of professions. Continental and Anglo-Saxon traditions (pp. 167–187). Göteborg: Daidalos.
   Google Scholar
• Molander, A., & Torsvik, G. (2015). Getting people into work: What (if anything) can justify mandatory activation of welfare recipients? Journal of Applied Philosophy, 32(4), 373–392. doi: 10.1111/japp.12132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nothdurfter, U. (2016). The street-level delivery of activation policies: Constraints and possibilities for a practice of citizenship. European Journal of Social Work, 19(3–4), 420–440. doi: 10.1080/13691457.2015.1137869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Røed, K., & Westlie, L. (2012). Unemployment insurance in welfare states: The impacts of soft duration constraints. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(3), 518–554. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01064.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Røysum, A. (2017). ‘How’ we do social work, not ‘what’ we do. Nordic Social Work Research, 7(2), 141–154. doi: 10.1080/2156857X.2017.1284150
   Google Scholar
• Rundskriv Hovednr. 35 [Directive 35 of 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, T., & Terum, L. (2020). Frontline manager’s perceptions and justifications of behavioural conditionality. Social Policy and Administration. doi: 10.1111/spol.12574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solvang, I. (2017). Discretionary approaches to social workers’ personalisation of activation services for long-term welfare recipients. European Journal of Social Work, 20(4), 536–547. doi: 10.1080/13691457.2016.1188777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosialtjenesteloven. [Social Assistance Act of 2009].
   Google Scholar
• Terum, L., Torsvik, G., & Øverbye, E. (2017). Når vilkår og aktivitetskrav brytes [When requirements and mandatory activation are broken]. Søkelys på Arbeidslivet, 34(3), 147–166. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2017-03-01
   Google Scholar
• Van Berkel, R., Caswell, D., Kupka, P., & Larsen, F. (2017). Frontline delivery of welfare-to-work in Europe. Activating the unemployed. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Van Berkel, R., & van der AA, P. (2012). Activation work: Policy programme administration or professional service provision? Journal of Social Policy, 41(3), 493–510. doi: 10.1017/S0047279412000062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oorschot, W. (2000). Who should get what, and why? On deservingness criteria and the conditionality of solidarity among the public. Policy and Politics: Studies of Local Government and its Services, 28(1), 33–48. doi: 10.1332/0305573002500811
   Google Scholar
• Van Oorchot, W., & Roosma, F. (2017). The social legitimacy of targeted welfare and welfare deservingness. In W. van Oorschot, F. Roosma, B. Meuleman, & T. Reeskens (Eds.), The social legitimacy of targeted welfare: Attitudes to welfare deservingness (pp. 3–33). Oxfordshire: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wallander, L., & Molander, A. (2014). Disentangling professional discretion: A conceptual and methodological approach. Professions and Professionalism, 4, 3. doi: 10.7577/pp.808
   Google Scholar
• Watts, B., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2018). Welfare conditionality. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar