Does Spatial Concentration Always Mean a Lack of Integration? Exploring Ethnic Concentration and Integration in Toronto

References

• Anisef , P. and Lanphier , M. 2003 The World in a City . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan , T. and Gyimah , S. 2003 . ‘Spatial residential patterns of selected ethnic groups: significance and implications’ . Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal , 35 ( 1 ) : 113 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan , T. , Maxim , P. and Jurdi , R. 2005 . ‘Residential segregation and socio-economic integration of visible minorities in Canada’ . Migration Letters , 2 ( 2 ) : 126 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolt , G. , Burgers , J. and van Kempen , R. 1998 . ‘On the social significance of spatial location: spatial segregation and social exclusion’ . Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment , 13 ( 1 ) : 83 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Castles , S. and Miller , M. 2003 . The Age of Migration , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• City of Toronto 2006 Neighbourhood Profiles, Crescent Town and Oakridge . Online at http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/neighbourhoods.htm
   Google Scholar
• Dominion Bureau of Statistics 1961 Population and Housing Characteristics by Census Tracts, Toronto . Ottawa : Dominion Bureau of Statistics . Catalogue No . 95 530 .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , K. 1995 . Global Migrants Local Lives , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , K. 1993 . ‘Desh–Bidesh: Sylheti images of home and away’ . Man , 28 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• George , U. 2006 . ‘Introduction. Immigrant integration: simple questions, complex answers’ . Canadian Diversity/Diversité Canadienne , 5 ( 1 ) : 3 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. 2006 We Are Not All the Same: The Differential Migration, Settlement Patterns, and Housing Trajectories of Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis in Toronto . unpublished PhD dissertation York University Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Goldlust , J. and Richmond , A. 1974 . ‘A multivariate model of immigrant adaptation’ . International Migration Review , 8 ( 4 ) : 193 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert , D. 2006 . ‘Winning, losing, and still playing the game: the political economy of immigration in Canada’ . Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie , 97 ( 1 ) : 38 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jedwab , J. 2006 . ‘Canadian integration: the elusive quest for models and measures’ . Canadian Diversity/Diversité Canadienne , 5 ( 1 ) : 97 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. , Poulsen , M. and Forrest , J. 2007 . ‘The geography of ethnic residential segregation: a comparative study of five countries’ . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 97 ( 4 ) : 713 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights , M. and King , R. 1998 . ‘The geography of Bangladeshi migration to Rome’ . International Journal of Population Geography , 4 ( 4 ) : 299 – 321 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ley , D. and Hiebert , D. 2001 . ‘Immigration policy as population policy’ . The Canadian Geographer , 45 ( 1 ) : 120 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , W. 1998 . ‘Anatomy of a new ethnic settlement: the Chinese ethnoburb in Los Angeles’ . Urban Studies , 35 ( 3 ) : 479 – 501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , J. , Alba , R. and Zhang , W. 2002 . ‘Immigrant enclaves and ethnic communities in New York and Los Angeles’ . American Sociological Review , 67 ( 2 ) : 299 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcuse , P. and van Kempen , R. 2000 Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. 1985 . ‘Ethnic residential segregation: a theoretical synthesis and empirical review’ . Sociology and Social Research , 69 ( 3 ) : 315 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. , Arango , J. , Hugo , G. , Kouaouci , A. , Pellegrino , A. and Taylor , J.E. 1998 . Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Murdie , R. 1991 . ‘Local strategies in resale home financing in the Toronto housing market’ . Urban Studies , 28 ( 3 ) : 465 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdie , R. 1994 . ‘Blacks in near ghettoes? Black visible minority population in metropolitan Toronto housing authority public housing units’ . Housing Studies , 9 ( 4 ) : 435 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Murdie , R. 2003 . ‘Housing affordability and Toronto's rental market: perspectives from the housing careers of Jamaican, Polish and Somali newcomers’ . Housing, Theory and Society , 20 ( 4 ) : 183 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Murdie , R. and Teixeira , C. 2003 . “ ‘Towards a comfortable neighbourhood and appropriate housing: immigrant experiences in Toronto’ ” . In The World in a City , Edited by: Anisef , P. and Lanphier , M. 132 – 91 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Murdie , R. and Teixeira , C. 2006 . “ ‘Urban social space’ ” . In Canadian Cities in Transition: Local Through Global Perspectives , Edited by: Bunting , T. and Filion , P. 154 – 70 . Toronto : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Musterd , S. , Ostendorf , W. and Breebaart , M. 1998 . Multi-Ethnic Metropolis: Patterns and Policies , Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Owusu , T. 1999 . ‘Residential patterns and housing choices of new immigrants in Canada: the case of the Ghanaians in Toronto’ . Housing Studies , 14 ( 1 ) : 77 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peach , C. 1990 . ‘Estimating the growth of the Bangladeshi population in Great Britain’ . New Community , 16 ( 4 ) : 481 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Peach , C. 1996 . ‘Does Britain have ghettos?’ . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 21 ( 1 ) : 216 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , D. 2006 . ‘Parallel lives? Challenging discourses of British Muslim self-segregation’ . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 24 ( 1 ) : 25 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , M. , Cheung , I. , Friedman , S. and Singer , A. 2005 . ‘The world settles in: Washington, DC as an immigrant gateway’ . Urban Geography , 26 ( 1 ) : 61 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadeer , M. and Kumar , S. 2006 ‘Ethnic enclaves and social cohesion’ , Canadian Journal of Urban Research , 15 2 Supplement : 1 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , B. 2002 October ‘Immigrant integration: building to opportunity’ , Migration Information Source . Washington : Migration Policy Institute , .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , A. , Hardwick , S.W. and Brettell , C.B. 2008 Twenty-First-Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , H.A. 2004 . The Evolving Relationship Between Immigrant Settlement and Neighbourhood Disadvantage in Canadian Cities , 04 – 20 . Vancouver : RIIM Working Paper .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2006a 2006 Community Profiles . Ottawa : Statistics Canada . Catalogue No. 92-591-XWE .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2006b Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (35), Sex (3) and Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census–20% Sample Data . Ottawa : Statistics Canada . Catalogue. No. 97-557-X2006008 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2006c Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (8) and Place of Birth (261) for the Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census–20% Sample Data . Ottawa : Statistics Canada . Catalogue No. 97-557-X2006007
   Google Scholar
• Teixeira , C. 2007 . ‘Residential experiences and the culture of suburbanization: a case study of Portuguese homebuyers in Mississauga’ . Housing Studies , 22 ( 4 ) : 495 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toronto City Summit Alliance 2007 Strong Neighbourhoods: Supporting the ‘Call to Action’ . Toronto : Toronto City Summit Alliance , Discussion Paper for the Toronto Summit 26–27 February
   Google Scholar
• UNDP 2004 Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World . New York : United Nations Human Development Programme .
   Google Scholar
• United Way of Greater Toronto and the Canadian Council on Social Development 2004 Poverty by Postal Code: The Geography of Neighbourhood Poverty, 1981–2001 . Toronto : United Way of Greater Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Walks , A. and Bourne , L. 2006 . ‘Ghettos in Canada's cities? Racial segregation, ethnic enclaves and poverty concentration in Canadian urban areas’ . The Canadian Geographer , 50 ( 3 ) : 273 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar