‘We Gained a Lot Over What We Would Have Had’: The Geographic Arbitrage of North American Lifestyle Migrants to Cuenca, Ecuador

References

• Amin, Iftekhar, and Stanley R. Ingman. 2010. “Retiring in a Foreign Land: How Do the American Retirees Deal with Health Care Issues in Mexico?” Journal of Aging and Emerging Economies 2: 22–35.
   Google Scholar
• Amit, Vered. 2007. “Structures and Dispositions of Travel and Movement.” In Going First Class? New Approaches to Privileged Travel and Movement, edited by V. Amit. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, Stephen. 2004. “Identity Narratives by American and Canadian Retirees in Mexico.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19 (4): 361–381. 10.1023/B:JCCG.0000044689.63820.5c.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banks, Stephen. 2009. “Intergenerational Ties Across Borders: Grandparenting Narratives by Expatriate Retirees Across Borders.” Journal of Aging Studies 23 (3): 178–187. 10.1016/j.jaging.2007.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, Michaela. 2011. The British in Rural France: Lifestyle Migration and the Ongoing Quest for a Better Way of Life. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, Michaela. 2012. “How Culturally Significant Imaginings are Translated into Lifestyle Migration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (10): 1681–1696. 10.1080/1369183X.2012.711067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, Michaela. 2013. “Postcoloniality and Privilege in New Lifestyle Flows: The Case of North Americans in Panama.” Mobilities 8 (3): 313–330. 10.1080/17450101.2013.810403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, Michaela, and Karen O'Reilly. 2009. “Lifestyle Migration: Escaping to the Good Life.” In Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences, edited by Michaela Benson and Karen O'Reilly, 1–13. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn, Robin. 2006. “Finance and the Fourth Dimension.” New Left Review 39: 39–70.
   Google Scholar
• Bozic, Sasa. 2006. “The Achievement and Potential of International Retirement Migration Research: The Need for Disciplinary Exchange.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1415–1427. 10.1080/13691830600928805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buenza, Daniel, and David Stark. 2004. “The Tools of the Trade: The Socio-Technology of Arbitrage in a Wall Street Trading Room.” Industrial and Corporate Change 13: 369–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2010. “Record Unemployment among Older Workers Does Not Keep Them Out of the Job Market.” Issues in Labor Statistics. Summary 10–04. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
   Google Scholar
• Casado-Diaz, Maria-Angeles. 2006. “Retiring to Spain: An Analysis of Differences among North European Nationals.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1321–1339. 10.1080/13691830600928714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado-Diaz, Maria-Angeles, Claudia Kaiser, and Tony Warnes. 2004. “Northern European Retired Residents in Nine Southern European Areas: Characteristics, Motivations and Adjustments.” Aging and Society 24 (3): 353–381. 10.1017/S0144686X04001898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, Sheila. 2009a. The Other Side of the Fence: American Migrants in Mexico. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Croucher, Sheila. 2009b. “Migrants of Privilege: The Political Transnationalism of Americans in Mexico,” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 16: 463–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, David, Julie Murray, and Julia Gelatt. 2006. “America's Emigrants: U.S. Retirement Migration to Mexico and Panama.” Migration Policy Institute, September. Accessed May 20, 2013. http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=416.
   Google Scholar
• Duménil, Gérard, and Dominique Lévy. 2011. The Crisis of Neoliberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, Barbara. 2002 [2001]. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Engemann, Kristie M., and Howard J. Wall. 2010. “The Effects of Recessions Across Demographic Groups.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 92: 1–26. Accessed May 20, 2013. http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/10/01/Engemann.pdf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faist, Thomas. 2008. “Migrants as Transnational Development Agents: An Inquiry into the Newest Round of the Migration-Development Nexus.” Population, Space and Place 14 (1): 21–42. 10.1002/psp.471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferriss, Timothy. 2007. The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9–5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich. New York: Crown Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Fleck, Carole. 2011. “Job Growth Halts: But there is Good News for Older Workers—A Lower Unemployment Rate.” AARP Bulletin, September 2. http://www.aarp.org/work/job-hunting/info-09–2011/job-growth-halts.html.
   Google Scholar
• Glick Schiller, Nina. 2009. “A Global Perspective on Migration and Development.” Social Analysis 53 (3): 14–37. 10.3167/sa.2009.530302.
   Google Scholar
• Glick Schiller, Nina, and Ayse Caglar. 2010. “Introduction: Migrants and Cities.” In Locating Migration: Rescaling Cities and Migrants, edited by N. Glick Schiller and A. Caglar, 1–22. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gossnell, Hannah, and Jesse Abrams. 2011. “Amenity Migration: Diverse Conceptualizations of Drivers, Socioeconomic Dimensions, and Emerging Challenges.” Geo Journal 76 (4): 303–322. 10.1007/s10708-009-9295-4.
   Google Scholar
• Gowan, Peter. 2009. “Crisis in the Heartland,” New Left Review 55: 5–29.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, Per. 2001. “Retirement Migration and Transnational Lifestyles.” Ageing and Society 21 (4): 371–394. 10.1017/S0144686X01008327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, David. 2010. The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, Giaconda, María Isabel Moncayo, and Alexandra Escobar García. 2012. Perfil Migratorio del Ecuador, 2011 [ Migration Profile for Ecuador, 2011]. Quito: Organización Internacional de Migraciones.
   Google Scholar
• Huete, Raquel. 2009. Turistas Que Llegan Para Quedarse [Tourists Who Come to Stay]. San Vicente del Raspeig: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante.
   Google Scholar
• Huete, Raquel, and Alejandro Mantecón. 2011. “Introducción: sobre la construcción social de los lugares [Introduction: On the Social Construction of Places].” In Construir una nueva vida: Los espacios del turismo y la migración residencial [ Constructing a New Life: Tourism Spaces and Residential Migration], edited by Tomás Mazón, Raquel Huete, and Alejandro Mantecón, 11–19. Santander: Editorial Milrazones.
   Google Scholar
• Huete, Raquel, Alejandro Mantecón, and Jesús Estévez. 2013. “Challenges in Lifestyle Migration Research: Reflections and Findings about the Spanish Crisis.” Mobilites 8 (3): 331–348. 10.1080/17450101.2013.814236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra, Roberto. 2012. “The Initiative to Extend Medicare to U.S. Citizens in Mexico: A Case Study in Changing U.S. Health Care Policy.” Health, Culture and Society 1 (1): 66–89. Accessed May 20, 2013. http://hcs.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/hcs/issue/view/1/showToc.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, Anthea. 2008. “Growing Older in Malta: Experiences of British Retirees.” International Journal of Aging and Later Life 3 (2): 7–42. 10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.08327.
   Google Scholar
• Jackiewicz, Edward L., and Jim Craine. 2010. “Destination Panama: An Examination of the Migration-Tourism-Foreign Investment Nexus.” Recreation and Society in Africa, Asia and Latin America 1 (1). Accessed May 20, 2013. http://www.criticalimprov.com/index.php/rasaala/article/view/1498/2087.
   Google Scholar
• Janoschka, Michael. 2009. “The Contested Spaces of Lifestyle Mobilities: Regime Analysis as a Tool to Study Political Claims in Latin American Retirement Destinations.” DIE ERDE 140: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Janoschka, Michael. 2011. “Imaginarios del turismo residencial en Costa Rica. Negociaciones de pertenencia y apropriación simbólica de espacios y lugares: una relación conflictiva [Residential Tourism Imaginaries in Costa Rica. Negotiations of Belonging and Symbolic Appropriation of Space and Place: A conflictual relationship].” In Construir una nueva vida: Los espacios del turismo y la migración residencial [Constructing a New Life: Tourism Spaces and Residential Migration], edited by Tomás Mazón, Raquel Huete, and Alejandro Mantecón, 81–102. Santander: Editorial Milrazones.
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, Arne L. 2009. “Precarious Work, Insecure Workers: Employment Relations in Transition.” American Sociological Review 74 (1): 1–22. 10.1177/000312240907400101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkabi, Nadeem. 2013. “Lifestyle Migration in South Sinai, Egypt: Nationalisation, Privileged Citizenship and Indigenous Rights.” International Review of Social Research 3 (1): 49–66.
   Google Scholar
• Karlgaard, Rich. 2004. “Outsource Yourself.” Forbes Magazine, April 19. Accessed February 8, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0419/033.html.
   Google Scholar
• Karlgaard, Rich. 2006. “Special Report: 150 Cheap Places to Live.” Forbes Magazine, May 5. Accessed May 20, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/2005/10/31/karlgaard-broadband-telecommuting_cz_rk_1101liverich.html.
   Google Scholar
• King, Russell, Anthony Warnes, and Allan M. Williams. 1998. “International Retirement Migration in Europe.” International Journal of Population Geography 4 (2): 91–111. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1220(199806)4:2<91::AID-IJPG97>3.0.CO;2-S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King, Russell, Tony Warnes, and Allan Williams. 2000. Sunset Lives: British Retirement Migration to the Mediterranean. New York: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Kiy, Richard, and Anne McEnany. 2010. U.S. Retirement Trends in Mexican Coastal Communities Lifestyle Priorities and Demographics. International Community Foundation, U.S. Retirement in Mexico Research Series, March.
   Google Scholar
• Korpela, Mari. 2009. “When a Trip to Adulthood become a Lifestyle: Western Lifestyle Migrants in Varanasi, India.” In Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences, edited by K. O'Reilly and M. Benson, 15–30. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, Donald. 2003. “An Equation and Its Worlds.” Social Studies of Science 33: 831–868. 10.1177/0306312703336002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, Donald. 2006. An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mantecón, Alejandro. 2008. La Experencia del Turismo: Un estudio sociológico sobre el proceso de turismo-residencial [The Tourism Experience: A Sociological Study of the Process of Residential Tourism]. Barcelona: Icaria editorial.
   Google Scholar
• McWatters, Mason R. 2008. Residential Tourism: (De)constructing Paradise. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, Omar Lizaraga. 2010. “The US Citizens Retirement Migration to Los Cabos, Mexico: Profile and Social Effects.” Recreation and Society in Africa, Asia and Latin America 1: 75–92.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, Caroline. 2008. International Retirement Migration: Paradoxes of Aging. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, Caroline and Karen O'Reilly. 2010. “A Bourdieusian Analysis of Class and Migration: Habitus and the Individualizing Process.” Sociology 44 (1): 49–66. 10.1177/0038038509351627.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, aihwa. 1999. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, aihwa. 2006. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, Karen. 2000. The British on the Costa del Sol: Transnational Identities and Local Communities. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, Karen. 2007. “Intra-European Migration and the Mobility-Enclosure Dialectic.” Sociology 41 (2): 277–293. 10.1177/0038038507074974.
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, Karen. 2012. International Migration and Social Theory. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ortero, Lorena Melton Young. 1997. “U.S. Retired Persons in Mexico.” American Behavioral Scientist 40 (7): 914–922. 10.1177/0002764297040007006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özlem, Nudrali, and Karen O'Reilly. 2009. “Taking the Risk: The British in Didim, Turkey.” In Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences, edited by K. O'Reilly and M. Benson, 137–152. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Pries, Ludger. 2001. “The Approach of Transnational Social Spaces: Responding to New Configurations of the Social and the Spatial.” In New Transnational Social Spaces: International Migration and Transnational Companies in the Early Twenty-First Century, edited by L. Pries, 3–35. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, Vicente, Gloria Fernandez Mayoralas, and Fermina Rojo. 2004. “International Retirement Migration: Retired Europeans Living on the Costa del Sol, Spain.” Population Review 43 (1): 1–36. 10.1353/prv.2004.0009.
   Google Scholar
• Spalding, Ana. 2013. “Lifestyle Migration to Bocas del Toro, Panama: Exploring Migration Strategies and Introducing Local Implications of the Search for Paradise.” International Review of Social Research 3: 67–86.
   Google Scholar
• Stocker, Karen. 2013. Tourism and Cultural Change in Costa Rica: Pitfalls and Possibilities. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sunil, Thankam S., Vivian Rojas, and Don E. Bradley. 2007. “United States’ International Retirement Migration: the Reasons for Retiring to the Environs of Lake Chapala, Mexico.” Ageing and Society 27 (4): 489–510. 10.1017/S0144686X07005934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truly, David. 2002. “International Retirement Migration and Tourism Along the Lake Chapala Riviera: Developing a Matrix of Retirement Migration Behaviour.” Tourism Geographies 4: 261–281. 10.1080/14616680210147427.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP [United Nations Development Programme]. 2009. Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Urry, John. 1990. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman, R. F. 1980. “Why Older People Move: Theoretical Issues.” Research on Ageing 2: 141–154. 10.1177/016402758022003.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2006. Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar